8 Chapter 9Figure 9.1 Pyrolysis of vegetable oils into alkanes, alkenes, and aromatics [4].Figure 9.2 Comparison between conventional and in situ transesterification.Figure 9.3 Conventional transesterification process experimental setup.Figure 9.4 Classification of transesterification process.Figure 9.5 Supercritical transesterification process.Figure 9.6 Supercritical transesterification experimental setup.Figure 9.7 (a) Microwave assisted transesterification. (b) Ultrasonic assisted t...
9 Chapter 10Figure 10.1 Biofuels production sources adapted from [13].Figure 10.2 Transesterification reaction for biodiesel production [24].Figure 10.3 Flow chart of biodiesel production process through transesterificati...Figure 10.4 Biodiesel production from edible and non-edible feedstocks.
10 Chapter 11Figure 11.1 Process flow of methyl ester production from animal fat.Figure 11.2 Production of biodiesel by transesterification reaction. Step1. Pre-...Figure 11.3 Process of extraction of vegetable oil (e.g., sunflower seed oil ext...
11 Chapter 12Figure 12.1 Schematic diagram of batch reactor apparatus [16].Figure 12.2 Schematic diagram of continuous stiired tank reactor.Figure 12.3 Schematic diagram of fixed bed reactor [16].Figure 12.4 Schematic view of bubble column reactor for biodiesel production [36...Figure 12.5 The general configuration of reactive distillation [45].Figure 12.6 A schematic diagram of hybrid catalytic plasma reactor system in the...Figure 12.7 Schematic diagram of a microchannel microreactor [55].Figure 12.8 Schematic diagram of a membrane reactor for biodiesel production [9]...Figure 12.9 Schematic diagram of microtubemicroreactor [55].
12 Chapter 13Figure 13.1 General reaction for esterification.Figure 13.2 General reaction for transesterification.Figure 13.3 General reaction for pyrolysis.Figure 13.4 Schematic diagram of a single reactor CTRS. Reproduced with permissi...
13 Chapter 14Figure 14.1 Scheme of reaction between a carboxylic acid and an alcohol.
14 Chapter 15Figure 15.1 Transesterification reaction showing reaction of methanol and trigly...Figure 15.2 Chemical structure of riconelic acid, major component of castor oil ...Figure 15.3 Microalgal biodiesel refinery producing multiple products from algal...
15 Chapter 17Figure 17.1 Primary feedstocks used to produce biodiesel [37]. Other oils includ...Figure 17.2 (a) Impact of catalyst type on esters yield for four different alkal...
16 Chapter 18Figure 18.1 Characteristics and type of nanoparticles catalysts.Figure 18.2 General reaction for possible mechanism of esterification and transe...Figure 18.3 Schematic image of diffusion of reactants in pores in SO3H-Fe/Fe2O3-...Figure 18.4 Preparation of sulfonic acid functionalized MNPs and sulfamic acid f...
List of Tables
1 Chapter 1Table 1.1 Some of the commonly used bacterial lipases for biodiesel production.Table 1.2 Some of the commonly used fungal lipases for biodiesel production.Table 1.3 Some examples commercial lipases commonly used for biodiesel productio...Table 1.4 Comparison between intracellular and extracellular lipase.Table 1.5 Some research investigations using recombinant whole-cell biocatalyst ...Table 1.6 Some other experiments using recombinant whole catalyst without immobi...Table 1.7 Investigation of immobilized whole-cell biocatalysts to produce biodie...Table 1.8 Some examples to produce biodiesel using combination of lipases.
2 Chapter 2Table 2.1 Performance of ultrasound-assisted homogeneous biodiesel production sy...Table 2.2 Ultrasound-assisted biodiesel production processes catalyzed by hetero...Table 2.3 Performance of ultrasound-assisted heterogeneous base-catalyzed proces...
3 Chapter 3Table 3.1 Different biodiesel feedstock used by the respective country in the wo...Table 3.2 List of some selective homogeneous catalyst used for biodiesel product...Table 3.3 Different biomass derived solid acid catalyst used for the biodiesel p...Table 3.4 Recent examples of different sources of calcium oxide used for the bio...Table 3.5 Some selected reports on different immobilization methods for biodiese...Table 3.6 Advantages and disadvantages of different immobilized methods. (Adapte...
4 Chapter 4Table 4.1 Glycerol oxidation using different catalysts preparation methods at 50...Table 4.2 Heterogeneously catalyzed reactions without the use of solvents.
5 Chapter 5Table 5.1 Consumption of crude oil in India (MT) [1, 4].Table 5.2 Fuel properties of oils [18, 21–36].Table 5.3 Different parameters in biodiesel production from non-edible oils [18–...Table 5.4 Advantages and disadvantages of different processes [42, 43, 65–67].Table 5.5 Biodiesel properties and measuring apparatus [63, 97, 99–109].
6 Chapter 7Table 7.1 Biodiesel production from various feedstocks [13, 14].Table 7.2 Difference between conventional, microwave, and ultrasonic heating [40...Table 7.3 Comparison between homogeneous, heterogeneous catalysis, supercritical...Table 7.4 Comparison of various transesterification processes [41].
7 Chapter 8Table 8.1 Various types of oil and their sources for the production of biodiesel...Table 8.2 Fatty acid profile of fats and oils [34].
8 Chapter 9Table 9.1 Comparison between heterogeneous and homogeneous catalytic transesteri...Table 9.2 Comparison between biodiesel production methods [7].
9 Chapter 10Table 10.1 The common free fatty acids in biodiesel production [32].Table 10.2 Current research on non-edible vegetable oils as low-cost feedstocks ...Table 10.3 Recent studies on waste cooking oils as feedstocks for the production...Table 10.4 Recent studies on algal oils as feedstocks for biodiesel production v...Table 10.5 Recent studies on waste animal fat/oil as feedstocks for production o...Table 10.6 Summary of the physicochemical features of biodiesel produced from no...
10 Chapter 11Table 11.1 Fatty acid contents of vegetable oils and animal fats.
11 Chapter 13Table 13.1 Comparison between the pyrolysis method by operating parameters and p...
12 Chapter 15Table 15.1 Biodiesel specifications and their limits.Table 15.2 Different catalysts, reaction conditions, and yield during synthesis ...Table 15.3 Comparison of FFA composition of selected non-edible oils.Table 15.4 Some selected algae strains and their production data.Table 15.5 Some properties of biodiesel synthesizes from microalgae.Table 15.6 Fatty oil composition of diesel derived from insect larva.Table 15.7 Fuel properties of biodiesels synthesized from insect larva.
Guide
1 Cover
5 Preface
7 Index