25 21 Self-Healing Polymers 21.1 Introduction 21.2 General Overview on Self-Healing Materials 21.3 Design of Self-Healing 21.4 Application of Self-Healing Materials 21.5 Specific Examples of Self-Healing Polymer 21.6 Conclusion and Recommendations References
26 Index
List of Illustrations
1 Chapter 1Figure 1.1 Concept of healing mechanisms in microcapsule- (left column) and holl...Figure 1.2 Intrinsic healing mechanisms for thermosetting polymers. (a) Homogene...Figure 1.3 Images of a single PDMS microcapsule subjected to uniaxial tension at...Figure 1.4 (I)—SEM micrographs of crack in a coating with PU/PUF microcapsules (...Figure 1.5 (I)—Scheme of the sunlight induced healing mechanism: the crack break...Figure 1.6 Steel substrates coated with (a) CC1, (b) CC2 and (c) self-healing co...Figure 1.7 SEM images of the scratch of (a) BS-55, (b) CS-55, (c) SH-55, (d) BS-...Figure 1.8 (I) 2-ureido-4[1H]-pyrimidinone (UPy), and a scheme showing its assoc...Figure 1.9 (I) Diels Alder reversible reaction. (II) (a) Synthesis of the tetraf...Figure 1.10 (I) Mechanopatterning of two different samples of thiol-ene based el...Figure 1.11 (I) Transesterification reaction between two β-hydroxyester groups. ...Figure 1.12 (I) Vitrimer with disulphide exchangeable bonds; cut and healing seq...Figure 1.13 (I) Healing efficiency of a TPU with different weight fractions of F...Figure 1.14 (I). (a)–(b) Optical microscopy images showing a healed sample, and ...Figure 1.15 (a) Pictures of the healing process of a PCL/PLA film containing Ag ...
2 Chapter 2Scheme 2.1 Synthesis and representative structures for Novolac and Resole.Scheme 2.2 Synthesis of a 1,3-benzoxazine and production of a polybenzoxazine th...Scheme 2.3 Synthesis of end-chain coumarine functional benzoxazine macromonomers...Scheme 2.4 Synthesis of polybenzoxazine with augmented hydrogen bonds.Figure 2.1 The images of cut-healed PPO-Benz/Benz-COOH films.Scheme 2.5 Simplified mechanism of inverse vulcanization reaction of a benzoxazi...Scheme 2.6 Synthesis of recyclable and self-healable poly(benzoxazines-co-sulfid...Figure 2.2 Stress–Strain (%) behavior of 5 times chopped and healed PPOBenz40%–B...Scheme 2.7 Curing and subsequent light induced healing of PPO-Benz/BisBDiox syst...Figure 2.3 AFM pictures of PPO-Benz/BisBDiox before (a, c) and after irradiation...Scheme 2.8 Synthesis of polybenzoxazine-succinic anhydride thermoset.Figure 2.4 (a) Images showing the healing on the surface of sample film (b) Stor...Scheme 2.9 The structures of ortho functional mono and dibenzoxazines and their ...Scheme 2.10 Synthesis of polybenzoxazine-epoxy SMP.Figure 2.5 Photographs of polybenzoxazine-epoxy samples showing original (a), te...Scheme 2.11 Synthesis of crosslinked PCL-benzoxazine.Figure 2.6 Images for PCL/benzoxazine materials; Bending tests of PCL-(OH2)/ ben...Scheme 2.12 Synthesis of Poly(Si-Bz) from bis(3-aminopropyl) terminated polydime...Figure 2.7 The images of cured Poly(Si-Bz)/FeCl3 film after healing. Arrow indic...Figure 2.8 Images of shape recovery behavior of cured Poly(Si-Bz)/FeCl3 film.Scheme 2.13 Metal–ligand bond breakage and reforming at certain temperature chan...
3 Chapter 3Figure 3.1 Classification scheme of self-healing systems.Figure 3.2 Schematic representation of thermally reversible Diels–Alder (DA) rea...Figure 3.3 Self-healing illustration of common encapsulation methods, (a) hollow...Figure 3.4 SEM images to trace the healing process of the scratch. (Reused with ...Figure 3.5 Illustration of the TOCNs cross-linked ENR network based on epoxy-aci...Figure 3.6 Schematic diagram of chemical reaction between ENR and CABt (Adapted ...Figure 3.7 Schematic diagram of hybrid rubber network in cured ENR/CABt composit...Figure 3.8 Schematic representation of the chemical reaction between: (a) NR and...Figure 3.9 Schematic presentation of carbon black filler network (Reprinted with...Figure 3.10 Healing efficiency of tensile strength with different carbon black c...Figure 3.11 Proposed scheme of self-healing mechanism in epoxidized natural rubb...Figure 3.12 SBR vulcanized with different values of the ratio accelerant/sulfur ...Figure 3.13 Dielectric parameters (e” and s”) as function of frequency at −25 °C...Figure 3.14 (a) Stress–strain curves of SBR-FS/M2 = 3/1 with 5% of MWCNT-FA and ...Figure 3.15 Tensile strain measurements to characterize the self-healing process...Figure 3.16 Process followed to the sample reclamation (Adapted with permission ...Figure 3.17 Reaction scheme for the conversion of BIIR with butylimidazole for p...Figure 3.18 Stress–strain measurements to characterize self-healing behavior in ...Figure 3.19 Bi-layer of BIIR and BIIR-CNT. Repeated healing test under water, th...Figure 3.20 Bi-layer of BIIR and BIIR-CNT in a steel substrate to evaluate corro...Figure 3.21 Stress–strain curves of the silicone elastomer and composites before...Figure 3.22 Tensile stress–strain curves of virgin, healed and recycled silicone...Figure 3.23 Tensile stress–strain curves of self-healed composite foams with dif...Figure 3.24 Evaluation of self-healing efficiency of PDMS-UI-x composites for di...Figure 3.25 Stress–strain curves for a silicone supramolecular with different PM...Figure 3.26 Reversible metathesis reaction of aromatic disulfides 1a–b and 2 (Ad...Figure 3.27 Chemical structure of bis[4-(3-hydroxypropyloxy)phenyl]disulfide (S3...Figure 3.28 Schematic diagram of the healing reaction in PU (Adapted with permis...
4 Chapter 4Figure 4.1 Structure of polymer–rubber composites obtained from waste tires [1].Figure 4.2 (a) Schematic is describing of shape memory effect measurement. (b) T...Figure 4.3 Ionic association and self-healing. (Top) Schematic representation of...Figure 4.4 (a) Photos illustrating the healing processes of the UV-cured rubbers...
5 Chapter 5Figure 5.1 Possible mechanisms of indigenous healing of cementitious material (a...Figure 5.2 Healing of cracks over a period of 28 days (a) 0 day, (b) 1 day, (c) ...Figure 5.3 Schemetic representation of bacterium precipitating calcium carbonate...Figure 5.4 Calcite formation from the encapsulated bacteria, Adapted from Ref. [...Figure 5.5 Cracks closure representation on (a) 0, (b) 3, (c) 7, and (d) 28 days...
6 Chapter 6Figure 6.1 Required features of self-healing agents for development of self-heal...Figure 6.2 Classification of self-healable polymeric materials [2].Figure 6.3 A view of net-point along with reversible switching of shape memory m...Figure 6.4 Category of stimuli responsive shape memory polymeric materials [2].Figure 6.5 Self-cleaning approach through (a) super hydrophilic surface along wi...Figure 6.6