160 160. Merleau-Ponty à la Sorbonne: Résumés de ses cours, special issue of Bulletin de psychologie, 18 (236), 1964; Merleau-Ponty à la Sorbonne: Résumé de cours 1949–1952, Paris: Cynara, 1988. The definitive edition is Psychologie et pédagogie de l’enfant: Cours de Sorbonne 1949–1952, Verdier, 2001.
161 161. BNF NAF28803 (3), Folder 7, untitled ms. 7, 9, 31.
162 162. Merleau-Ponty, Child Psychology and Pedagogy: The Sorbonne Lectures 1949–1952, trans. Talia Welsh, Evanston: Northwestern University Press, 2010.
163 163. His candidacy presentation is ‘Un Inédit de Maurice Merleau-Ponty’, Revue de métaphysique et de morale, 67 (4), 1962, 401–9; ‘An Unpublished Text by Maurice Merleau-Ponty: A Prospectus of his Work’, in The Primacy of Perception, and Other Essays on Phenomenological Psychology, the Philosophy of Art, History and Politics, ed. James M. Edie, trans. Arleen B. Dallery, Evanston: Northwestern University Press, 1964, 3–11. His inaugural lecture is Éloge de la philosophie, Paris: Gallimard, 1953; In Praise of Philosophy, 3–64. His course summaries are in Résumés de cours; The Praise of Philosophy, 71–199.
164 164. Maurice Merleau-Ponty, Le Monde sensible et le monde de l’expression: Cours au Collège de France Notes, 1953, ed. Emmanuel de Saint Aubert and Stefan Kristensen, Genève: Mētispress, 2011; The Sensible World and the World of Expression, trans. Bryan Smyth, Evanston: Northwestern University Press, 2020.
165 165. The summary is useful: Merleau-Ponty, Résumés de cours, 11–21; The Praise of Philosophy, 71–9.
166 166. Most of Merleau-Ponty’s major works, though not La Structure du comportement, none of the lecture courses, and not all the essays, can be found in Œuvres, ed. Claude Lefort, Paris: Gallimard, 2010. It includes Claude Lefort, ‘Maurice Merleau-Ponty: Vie et œuvre 1908–1961’, 27–99.
167 167. See Judith Revel, Foucault avec Merleau-Ponty: Ontologie politique, présentisme et histoire, Paris: Vrin, 2015.
168 168. William Lewis, ‘Louis Althusser’, Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Spring 2018, https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/spr2018/entries/althusser/. André Chervel, ‘Les Agrégés de l’enseignement secondaire. Répertoire 1809–1960’, 2015, http://rhe.ish-lyon.cnrs.fr/?q=agregsec-ondaire_laureats
169 169. Alan Schrift, ‘The Effects of the Agrégation de Philosophie on Twentieth-Century French Philosophy’, Journal of the History of Philosophy, 6 (3), 2008, 449–73, 452 n. 6.
170 170. BNF NAF28730 (38), folder 1, has notes that look like a course by Althusser under this title. For Althusser’s engagement with psychoanalysis, see Écrits sur la psychanalyse: Freud et Lacan, ed. Olivier Corpet and François Matheron, Paris: Stock/IMEC, 1993; Writings on Psychoanalysis: Freud and Lacan, trans. Jeffrey Mehlman, New York: Columbia University Press, 1996; and Psychanalyse et sciences humaines: Deux conférences (1963–1964), ed. Olivier Corpet and François Matheron, Paris: Le Livre de Poche, 1996.
171 171. Louis Althusser, Montesquieu, la politique et l’histoire, Paris: PUF, 1959; ‘Montesquieu: Politics and History’ in Politics and History: Montesquieu, Rousseau, Marx, trans. Ben Brewster, London: New Left Books, 1972, 9–109; Politique et histoire, de Machiavel à Marx: Cours à l’École Normale supérieure de 1955 à 1972, ed. François Matheron, Paris: Seuil, 2006; and Cours sur Rousseau (1972), ed. Yves Vargas, Paris: Le Temps des Cerises, 2012. Other courses were attended by Émile Jalley, whose notes are in Louis Althusser et quelques autres: Notes de cours 1958–1959 Hyppolite, Badiou, Lacan, Hegel, Marx, Alain, Wallon, Paris: L’Harmattan, 2014.
172 172. Louis Althusser to Lucien Sève, posted 13 February 1951, in Correspondance 1949–1987, Paris: Éditions Sociales, 2018, 24–5, briefly mentions the division of writing tasks between different students for a pamphlet on anti-Sovietism, including Foucault on ‘degrading French Intelligence’.
173 173. For this description I have relied on Alan D. Schrift, ‘Is there Such a Thing as ‘French Philosophy’? Or why do we Read the French so Badly’, in Julian Bourg (ed.), After the Deluge: New Perspectives on the Intellectual and Cultural History of Postwar France, Lanham: Lexington, 2004, 21–47, 23–5; Schrift, ‘The Effects of the Agrégation de Philosophie’; and Baring, The Young Derrida and French Philosophy, 224–6. Baring’s chapter 7 provides a good general discussion. On the longer history, see André Chervel, Histoire de l’agrégation: Contribution à l’histoire de la culture scolaire, Paris: Kimé, 1993.
174 174. ‘Examens et concours: Les Concours de 1950’, La Revue universitaire 58 (4), 1949, 228–33, 228.
175 175. ‘Examens et concours: Les Concours de 1951’, La Revue universitaire 59 (4), 1950, 236–41, 236.
176 176. ‘Les Concours de 1950: Sujets proposés’, La Revue universitaire 59 (3), 1950, 180–91, 180.
177 177. ‘Les Concours de 1951: Sujets proposés’, La Revue universitaire 60 (4), 1951, 242–8, 242–3.
178 178. See, for example, the influence the choice of Rousseau, Hobbes and Malebranche had on Althusser’s teaching. Yann Moulier Boutang, Louis Althusser: La Formation du mythe, Paris: Livre du Poche, 2002, 2 vols, vol. II, 402.
179 179. Schrift, ‘Is there Such a Thing as ‘French Philosophy’?’ 24–5; ‘The Effects of the Agrégation de Philosophie’, especially 453–56.
180 180. Boutang, Louis Althusser, vol. II, 402–3.
181 181. This is confirmed by teaching materials in the Fonds Georges Canguilhem at CAPHÉS.
182 182. Gary Gutting, Michel Foucault’s Archaeology of Scientific Reason, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989, 11, 54.
183 183. Georges Canguilhem, La Formation du concept de réflexe aux XVII et XVIII siècles, Paris: PUF, 2nd edn, 1977 [1955].
184 184. See the Introduction to Canguilhem’s The Normal and the Pathological in 1978 (trans. Carolyn R. Fawcett and Robert S. Cohen, New York: Zone, 1991, 7–24); DE#219 III, 429–42. A revised version appeared just before Foucault’s death (DE#361 IV, 763–76; EW II, 465–78).
185 185. Macey, The Lives of Michel Foucault, 62. On the relation, see Gutting, Michel Foucault’s Archaeology of Scientific Reason, Ch. 1; and Dominique Lecourt, Pour une critique de l’épistémologie: Bachelard, Canguilhem, Foucault, Maspero, 1972; trans. Ben Brewster in Marxism and Epistemology: Bachelard, Canguilhem and Foucault¸ Verso, 1975 (also including a translation of L’Épistémologie historique de Gaston Bachelard, Paris: Vrin, 1969). More generally, see Stuart Elden, Canguilhem, Cambridge: Polity, 2019, and its references.
186 186. BNF NAF28803 (4), folder 2; BNF NAF28730 (42b), folder 2.
187 187. Foucault to Canguilhem, June 1965, quoted in Eribon, Michel Foucault, 175–6/103.
188 188. Roudinesco, Jacques Lacan and Co, 21–3.
189 189. Georges Canguilhem, Le Normal et le pathologique, Paris: PUF, 12th edn, 2015 [1943/1966].
190 190. Georges Canguilhem, La Connaissance de la vie, Paris: Vrin, 2nd revd edn, 1965 [1952]; trans. Stefanos Geroulanos and Daniela Ginsburg, Knowledge of Life, New York: Fordham University Press, 2009. See Foucault, Les Mots et les choses: Une Archéologie des sciences humaines, Paris, Gallimard, 1966, 169 n. 1; The Order of Things: An Archaeology of the Human Sciences, London: Routledge, 1970, 164 n 58.
191 191. Canguilhem, La Formation du concept de réflexe; cited in draft manuscript of The Archaeology of Knowledge (BNF NAF28284 (1), 70b-71a), and mentioned in L’Archéologie du savoir, Paris: Gallimard/ Tel, 1969, 195 n. 1, 236; The Archaeology of Knowledge, trans. Alan Sheridan, New York: Barnes and Noble, 1972, 144 n. 1, 173–4.
192 192. Canguilhem, Études; Idéologie et rationalité