Visual-tactile inspection, correctly performed, has been and remains the method of choice for carious lesion diagnosis. If indicated, the diagnostic process may be supported by methods that contribute to lesion detection and to the assessment of lesion depth, especially for surfaces that are concealed to direct vision.
References
1Nyvad B: Diagnosis versus detection of caries. Caries Res 2004;38:192–198.
2Bader JD, Shugars DA: What do we know about how dentists make caries-related treatment decisions? Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 1997;25:97–103.
3Baelum V: What is an appropriate caries diagnosis? Acta Odontol Scand 2010;68:65–79.
4Ekstrand KR, Ricketts DN, Kidd EA: Occlusal caries: pathology, diagnosis and logical management. Dent Update 2001;28:380–387.
5Gängler P: Pathogenesis of dental caries and periodontal diseases – the concept of progression and stagnation. Zahn Mund Kieferheilkd Zentralbl 1985;73:477–483.
6Nyvad B, Machiulskiene V, Baelum V: Reliability of a new caries diagnostic system differentiating between active and inactive caries lesions. Caries Res 1999;33:252–260.
7Nyvad B, Machiulskiene V, Baelum V: Construct and predictive validity of clinical caries diagnostic criteria assessing lesion activity. J Dent Res 2003;82:117–122.
8Baelum V, Hintze H, Wenzel A, Danielsen B, Nyvad B: Implications of caries diagnostic strategies for clinical management decisions. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 2012;40:257–266.
9Chandler NP, Gray AR, Murray CM: Eyesight: a study of the staff of a dental school. BDJ Open 2017;3:17008.
10Eichenberger M, Perrin P, Neuhaus KW, Bringolf U, Lussi A: Influence of loupes and age on the near visual acuity of practicing dentists. J Biomed Opt 2011;16:035003.
11Eichenberger M, Perrin P, Neuhaus KW, Bringolf U, Lussi A: Visual acuity of dentists under simulated clinical conditions. Clin Oral Investig 2013;17:725–729.
12Mitropoulos P, Rahiotis C, Kakaboura A, Vougiouklakis G: The impact of magnification on occlusal caries diagnosis with implementation of the ICDAS II criteria. Caries Res 2012;46:82–86.
13Neuhaus KW, Jost F, Perrin P, Lussi A: Impact of different magnification levels on visual caries detection with ICDAS. J Dent 2015;43:1559–1564.
14Neuhaus KW, Jasarevic E, Lussi A: Impact of different illumination conditions on visual caries detection with ICDAS. Caries Res 2015;49:633–636.
15Ismail AI, Sohn W, Tellez M, Amaya A, Sen A, Hasson H, Pitts NB: The International Caries Detection and Assessment System (ICDAS): an integrated system for measuring dental caries. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 2007;35:170–178.
16Frencken JE, de Amorim RG, Faber J, Leal SC: The Caries Assessment Spectrum and Treatment (CAST) index: rationale and development. Int Dent J 2011;61:117–123.
17Alberg AJ, Park JW, Hager BW, Brock MV, Diener-West M: The use of “overall accuracy” to evaluate the validity of screening or diagnostic tests. J Gen Intern Med 2004;19:460–465.
18Machiulskiene V, Nyvad B, Baelum V: A comparison of clinical and radiographic caries diagnoses in posterior teeth of 12-year-old Lithuanian children. Caries Res 1999;33:340–348.
19Machiulskiene V, Nyvad B, Baelum V: Comparison of diagnostic yields of clinical and radiographic caries examinations in children of different age. Eur J Paediatr Dent 2004;5:157–162.
20Gimenez T, Piovesan C, Braga MM, Raggio DP, Deery C, Ricketts DN, Ekstrand KR, Mendes FM: Visual inspection for caries detection: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Dent Res 2015;94:895–904.
21Ricketts D, Kidd E, Weerheijm K, de Soet H: Hidden caries: what is it? Does it exist? Does it matter? Int Dent J 1997;47:259–265.
22Ando M, Eckert GJ, Zero DT: Preliminary study to establish a relationship between tactile sensation and surface roughness. Caries Res 2010;44:24–28.
23Kühnisch J, Dietz W, Stösser L, Hickel R, Heinrich-Weltzien R: Effects of dental probing on occlusal surfaces – a scanning electron microscopy evaluation. Caries Res 2007;41:43–48.
24Topping GVA, Pitts NB: Clinical visual caries detection. Monogr Oral Sci 2009;21:15–41.
25Pitts NB, Longbottom C: Temporary tooth separation with special reference to the diagnosis and preventive management of equivocal approximal carious lesions. Quintessence Int 1987;18:563–573.
26Seddon RP: The detection of cavitation in carious approximal surfaces in vivo by tooth separation, impression and scanning electron microscopy. J Dent 1989;17:117–120.
27Lussi A, Hotz P: Approximal and smooth-surface caries: their diagnosis and therapeutic principles. Schweiz Monatsschr Zahnmed 1995;105:1438–1445.
28Lussi A, Hotz P, Stich H: Fissure caries: their diagnosis and therapeutic principles. Schweiz Monatsschr Zahnmed 1995;105:1164–1173.
29de Almeida Rodrigues J, de Vita TM, Cordeiro Rde C: In vitro evaluation of the influence of air abrasion on detection of occlusal caries lesions in primary teeth. Pediatr Dent 2008;30:15–18.
30Neuhaus