The Political Economy of the BRICS Countries. Группа авторов

the degree of inequality in the space of income and wealth is no less in India than that in China and the Latin American high inequality countries. Brazil’s transition from ‘un-aimed opulence’ to a more inclusive approach based on active social policies can be a lesson for India which is clearly faltering on the task of making the growth process inclusive.

There are some similarities among the three countries — India, China, and Brazil — in their policies over the last 15 years, notably in the importance attached to macroeconomic stability, especially bringing inflation under control. But there are some big differences too, such as in the role played by policies directly aimed at redistributing incomes. When one looks more closely at their histories and policy regimes, Brazil and India seem to have more in common with each other than with China, particularly when we consider the more recent phase of constitutional democracy in Brazil. However, at the risk of sounding cliché, one can say that each of these countries has something to teach the others. And other developing countries that have been less successful against reducing inequality and deprivation can learn from both the strengths and weaknesses of the approaches taken by the BRICS countries.

      References

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      Atkinson, A. B. (2015). Inequality: What Can Be Done? Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press.

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      Bucciferro, J. R. (2017). “Racial inequality in Brazil from independence to the present”, in L. Bértola and J. Williamson (eds.), Has Latin American Inequality Changed Direction? Cham: Springer.

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      Marteleto, L. J. (2012). “Educational inequality by race in Brazil, 1982-2007: Structural changes and shifts in racial classification”, Demography, 49: 337–358.

      Milanovic, B. (2016). Global Inequality: A New Approach for the Age of Globalization, Cambridge: Harvard University Press.

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      ¹To name a few, Stiglitz (2013), Piketty (2014), Atkinson (2015) and Milanovic (2016).

      ²Cornia (2015) observes that between 2002 and 2010 inequality fell, although to a different extent and with different timing, in all the Latin American countries except Nicaragua and Costa Rica.

      ³Here they have taken only rural India, which held roughly three-fourths of India’s population at the beginning of this millennium.

      CHAPTER 5

      Inequality and Poverty in India and Brazil Since the 1990s: A Comparative Analysis^*

      Sripad Motiram

       Department of Economics, University of Massachusetts, Boston, USA

      Introduction

This chapter deals with inequality and poverty in India and Brazil in roughly the past two-and-half decades. Apart from being members of the BRICS group that is playing an important role in the world today, there are two other similarities between these countries that make their comparison interesting. First, as described below, both India and Brazil underwent cataclysmic changes during the past two to three decades which have radically restructured their economies and societies. Second, both India and Brazil are complex and diverse societies that are characterized by disparities on several dimensions. Following Stewart (2001), it has become customary to distinguish between vertical (interpersonal) and horizontal (group-based) inequalities. Studies on interpersonal inequality have mostly focused on income or consumption, whereas those on horizontal inequality (which is essentially multi-dimensional), have focused on both income and non-income dimensions (Stewart, 2001, 2010). Despite its importance, horizontal inequality has been relatively under-researched, although the situation has been rectified to a certain extent in recent times. Interpersonal and class-based inequalities are important in both countries. In addition, caste-based and ethno-racial inequalities are important in India and Brazil, respectively. This chapter is motivated by the idea that a comparative analysis of India and Brazil can provide insights into the interrelationship between inequalities and development and also shed light on policies that can ameliorate inequality.

      In light of the above, in the second and third sections, I examine inequality and poverty in India and Brazil, respectively. I draw upon secondary literature to do so, including several of my own contributions on India. In the fourth section, I provide an explanation for the trends documented and present a comparison of the India and Brazil. The final section concludes.

      Inequality and Poverty in India Since the Onset of Economic Reforms

After following a model of planned development for almost four and half decades, in the wake of a serious balance of payments crisis, India embarked upon a set of economic reforms in the early 1990s.¹ These reforms aimed to radically restructure the Indian economy. Broadly speaking, the role of the state was reduced, and markets (both national and global) were provided a larger role.² India has been growing rapidly since the early 1990s after these reforms