Electromagnetic Waves 1. Pierre-Noël Favennec

polar ...Figure 1.28. Dielectric medium with volume τFigure 1.29. Refraction of the electric displacement vector across a vacuum-diel...Figure 1.30. Circulation of the electric field along an ABDF circuit overlapping...Figure 1.31. Magnetic medium with volume τFigure 1.32. Circulation of the excitation magnetic vector on a closed contour (...Figure 1.33. Refraction of the magnetic field crossing a vacuum-magnetic medium ...Figure 1.34. Circulation of the magnetic field along an ABDF circuit overlapping...Figure 1.35. Illustration of the different types of magnetism: a) magnetic momen...

      3 Chapter 2Figure 2.1. Configuration of field lines of the electric fieldFigure 2.2. Configuration of magnetic field linesFigure 2.3. Diagram depicting the propagation of an electromagnetic waveFigure 2.4. The different polarization states for a wave propagating in directio...Figure 2.5. Schematic of transpolarizationFigure 2.6. Schematic representation of Fresnel zonesFigure 2.7. Representation of the different Fourier transforms on impulse respon...Figure 2.8. Representation of the temporal evolution of the propagation channel ...Figure 2.9. Evolution of the impulse response: turning a street corner in the mi...Figure 2.10. Example of a power delay profile; highlighted by the delay interval...Figure 2.11. Example of a power delay profile; highlighted by the delay window a...Figure 2.12. Specific attenuation (dB/km) due to atmospheric gases (O₂ and H₂O) ...Figure 2.13. Specific attenuation (dB/km) due to rain as a function of the frequ...Figure 2.14. a) Representation of specular reflection; b) representation of diff...Figure 2.15a. Example of the variation of the real part of reflection and transm...Figure 2.15b. Example of the variation of the modulus of the reflection and tran...Figure 2.16. Difference in path created by a surface irregularity with height HFigure 2.17. Two-line modelFigure 2.18. Diagram showing the blocking of the reflected ray with an obstacleFigure 2.19. Diagram showing the path reflected on an island to limit the effect...Figure 2.20. Geometries associated with Descartes lawFigure 2.21. Paths of radioelectric waves as a function of refractivity gradientFigure 2.22. Representation of a sharp diffracting edgeFigure 2.23. Attenuation due to diffraction off an edgeFigure 2.24. Propagation of an electromagnetic wave by tropospheric scatteringFigure 2.25. Example of variation in the radioelectric field due to tropospheric...Figure 2.26. Example of variation in the radioelectric field due to reflection o...Figure 2.27. Example of variation in radioelectric field due to the presence of ...Figure 2.28. Map of the topography (relief) in the Perpignan region, FranceFigure 2.29. Map of the topography (relief) in the Belfort region, FranceFigure 2.30. Schematic representation of the “transmitter-receiver” profileFigure 2.31. Definition of the angle between the street axis and the direction o...Figure 2.32. Example of a “transceiver” profileFigure 2.33. Example of urban coverageFigure 2.34. Example of a representation of a residential environmentFigure 2.35. Example of radioelectric coverage in a residential environmentFigure 2.36. Schematic representation of a GSM TU channel with 12 pathsFigure 2.37. Relations between the position of reflectors and diffusers in the p...Figure 2.38. Spatiotemporal representation of the impulse response: a) angular p...Figure 2.39. Power profile according to Saleh and Valenzuela formalismFigure 2.40. Transmittance of the atmosphere due to molecular absorptionFigure 2.41. Specific attenuation (dB/km) due to rain in the optical and infrare...Figure 2.42. Wet snow: attenuation as a function of precipitation rate at 1,550 ...Figure 2.43. Dry snow: attenuation as a function of precipitation rate at 1,550 ...Figure 2.44. Deviation of the laser beam under the influence of turbulence cells...Figure 2.45. Deviation of the laser beam under the influence of turbulence cells...Figure 2.46. Effects of different heterogeneities and different sizes on the pro...Figure 2.47. Variation in attenuation linked to the scintillation as a function ...Figure 2.48a. Variation in specific attenuation at 850 nm as a function of visib...Figure 2.48b. Variation in specific attenuation at 950 nm as a function of visib...Figure 2.49a. Variation in specific attenuation at 850 nm as a function of visib...Figure 2.49b. Variation in specific attenuation at 950 nm as a function of visib...Figure 2.50. Variation in specific attenuation at 850 nm as a function of visibi...Figure 2.51. Variation in specific attenuation at 850 nm as a function of visibi...Figure 2.52. Number of days a year in France with fog (visibility less than 1 km...Figure 2.53. Sandstorm (source: Wikipedia)Figure 2.54. Variations in the MOR observed at the Turbie site on June 28, 2004Figure 2.55. Direct beam transmissometerFigure 2.56. Reflected beam transmissometerFigure 2.57. Diagram showing the measurement of visibility by backscatterFigure 2.58. Diagram showing the measurement of visibility by forward scatter

      4 Appendix 2Figure A2.1. Cartesian coordinate systemFigure A2.2. Cylindrical coordinate systemFigure A2.3. Spherical coordinate systemsFigure A2.4. Law of orientation of an elementary surface, corkscrew ruleFigure A2.5. Surface S intersected by a cone on a sphere with radius RFigure A2.6. Surface dS seen from point O at a distance rFigure A2.7. Cones with demi-angles at the apex α and α + dαFigure A2.8. Vectors

and

forming angle θ between themFigure A2.9. Vector product P of two vectors

and

Figure A2.10. Circulation of a vector on a circuit (C)

      List of Tables

      1 Chapter 1Table 1.1. Fundamental laws of electrostaticsTable 1.2. Electrostatic dipole/magnetic dipoleTable 1.3. Fundamental laws of magnetostaticsTable 1.4. The four Maxwell fundamental equations in a vacuumTable 1.5. Conservation of charge/conservation of electromagnetic energy analogyTable 1.6. Relative permittivity of dielectric media at ambient temperatureTable 1.7. Relative permeability of magnetic materials at ambient temperatureTable 1.8. Maxwell equations couplesTable 1.9. Maxwell’s equations in a polarized dielectric mediumTable 1.10. Maxwell’s equations in a polarized and magnetic material mediumTable 1.11. Integral forms of Maxwell’s equations in a material medium

      2 Chapter 2Table 2.1. Statistical characterization of deep fadeTable 2.2. Values of coefficients A, B and CTable 2.3. Transmission losses of different construction materials (exterior wal...Table 2.4. Transmission losses of different construction materials (interior wal...Table 2.5. Distance power loss coefficientTable 2.6. Floor penetration loss factor (n ≥ 1)Table 2.7. a) Coefficients of the linear model and one slope model obtained from...Table 2.8. Penetration loss and non-linear parameter at 5 GHzTable 2.9. Parameters of the MWF model in the case of concrete at 5.2 GHzTable 2.10. Values for delay and distance d_BP according to the different types o...Table 2.11. Values of the standard deviations of the shadowing according to the ...Table 2.12. Values of parameters a and n in different environment configurationsTable 2.13. Impulse response model in an urban environment (BU)Table 2.14. Impulse response model in hilly environment (HT)Table 2.15. Typical values of the attenuation coefficient and the standard devia...Table 2.16. Example of parameter values of the impulse response modelTable 2.17. The different parameters characterizing the particle size distributi...Table 2.18. Values of coefficients a and b help calculate the snow attenuation (...

      Guide

      1  Cover

      2  Table of Contents

      3  Title page

      4  Copyright

      5  Preface

      6  Begin Reading

      7  Appendix 1 Mathematical Formulae1

      8