Abbreviation
DNA Deoxyribonucleic acid
Recommended Reading
1 Ackerman, L. (2011). The Genetic Connection: A Guide to Health Problems in Purebred Dogs, 2e. Lakewood, CO: AAHA Press.
2 Ackerman, L. (2019). The skinny on genes: what you should know about genetic testing. AAHA Trends 35 (6): 39–42.
3 Ackerman, L. (2020). Proactive Pet Parenting: Anticipating pet health problems before they happen. Problem Free Publishing.
4 Baker, L., Muir, P., and Sample, S.J. (2019). Genome‐wide association studies and genetic testing: understanding the science, success, and future of a rapidly developing field. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 255 (10): 1126–1136.
5 Bell, J., Cavanagh, K., Tilley, L., and Smith, F. (2012). Veterinary Medical Guide to Dog and Cat Breeds. Jackson, WY: Teton NewMedia.
6 Shaffer, L.G., Geretshlaeger, A., Ramirez, C.J. et al. (2019). Quality assurance checklist and additional considerations for canine clinical genetic testing laboratories: a follow‐up to the published standards and guidelines. Human Genetics: 501–508.
3.5 Conformation Extremes and the Veterinary Team
Emma Goodman Milne, BVSc, M RCVS
Inde pendent Veterinary Surgeon, France
3.5.1 Summary
In many countries around the world, breeds of pet animals, notably dogs, cats, and rabbits, are becoming more and more extreme in their body shapes. Examples of such extremes could be short legs, long backs, very long ears, excessive hair or hairlessness, pronounced skinfolds, bulging or sunken eyes and, perhaps the most well‐recognized, the brachycephalic or flat‐faced animals. All these extremes lean away from natural selection and evolution and can be associated with a wide spectrum of disease and life‐altering issues. These range from very mild to immediately life‐threatening. The veterinary team can make a big difference both throughout the animal's life but also by being involved right from the point of prepurchase decision making.
3.5.2 Terms Defined
Conformation: The shape or dimensions of an animal.
Entropion: An eyelid that turns inwards and rubs on the eyeball.
Exophthalmos: Abnormal bulging or protrusion of the eyeball.
Inbreeding: The breeding of closely related individuals.
Pyoderma: An infection in the skin.
3.5.3 The Origin of the Problem
For thousands and thousands of years, humans have lived with animals. We gradually selected different types of dogs to do different jobs like herding, hunting, and guarding. We chose different sizes and selected for different temperaments depending on what the dog needed to do. Cats did what they were good at – rodent control – so have been left largely unchanged until the last century or so. When the idea of different breeds and the purity of the breed lines became popular at the end of the 1800s, body shapes started to change and inbreeding became commonplace. Over the last 100–200 years, many breeds have become more and more extreme (Figures 3.5.1 and 3.5.2). For example, pugs and bulldogs that had notable muzzles in 1900 now have very flat faces indeed. Breeds that were created to have slightly shorter legs, like dachshunds and bassets, for hunting different prey now have extremely short legs compared to their back length.
Figure 3.5.1 Flat‐faced animals may experience a large number of health problems, some of which are life‐threatening.
Source: Photo courtesy of Dr David Gould.
Figure 3.5.2 Excessive skinfolds cause disease and eye problems.
Source: Photo courtesy of Dr David Gould.
During this time, we have become more and more used to the fact that different breeds are more likely to have certain health problems than others. Many of these breed‐related problems are due to unnatural and extreme body shape or conformation (Figures 3.5.3 and 3.5.4).
Figure 3.5.3 Short legs of a bassett compared to…
Source: Photo courtesy of Andy Moores.
Figure 3.5.4 …a normal straight leg.
Source: Photo courtesy of Andy Moores.
3.5.4 Consequences of Extreme Conformation
We know that the more extreme the body shape or individual features become, the more likely the animal is to suffer from health issues, but it is not just the animals that are affected. The emotional and financial consequences for the owners can be huge but the whole veterinary team can also be affected. It can be emotionally difficult for members of the hospital team to see and treat animals that are suffering due to their conformation, especially when the animals are young. We can become attached to clients we see often and seeing them deal with illness and death can have a huge effect on us too.
There is also a secondary or indirect (knock‐on) effect for society because many of the extreme or quirky breeds are popular in advertisements and movies so demand goes up. This can increase the number of unscrupulous breeders and production farms and the number of unwanted puppies and kittens. Equally, as these dogs and cats age and owners realize they cannot afford the increased costs of healthcare, more and more animals are abandoned or relinquished, and end up in adoption centers or simply dumped on the streets.
3.5.5 What the Veterinary Team Can Do
3.5.5.1 Make Sure You All Agree!
Many practices have policies on lots of different things like drugs, procedures, hygiene and so on but subjects like ethics and welfare can get forgotten. Some members of the team may have very strong