|
80
|
l5–30
|
|
CITGO, Lemont
|
0.40
|
4.0–5.0
|
80
|
|
|
ConocoPhillips, Billings
|
0.35
|
5.7
|
38–45
|
|
|
El Dorado’
|
0.40
|
2.1
|
50
|
|
|
ExxonMobil, Billings
|
0.20
|
6.0
|
30
|
|
|
ExxonMobil, Joliet
|
1.10
|
5.0–5.5
|
50
|
15–30
|
|
Koch Petroleum, Pine Bend
|
1.80
|
5.1
|
50
|
28–30
|
|
ConocoPhillips, Wood River
|
0.35
|
5.0
|
35–40
|
15–30
|
|
Central America
|
|
Pemex‐Refinación Madeira
|
0.80
|
7.0
|
40
|
|
|
Pemex‐Refinación Cadereyta J.
|
1.00
|
8.0
|
40
|
|
|
South America
|
|
PDVSA, Lagoven
|
0.65
|
4.3
|
60–65
|
29–30
|
|
PDVSA, Maraven
|
1.20
|
4.2
|
38–42
|
28–29
|
|
Petrozuata
|
1.20
|
4.1
|
70–75
|
29–30
|
|
Sincor
|
2.30
|
4.2–4.6
|
52–60
|
29–30
|
|
PDVSA Cerro Negro
|
0.85
|
4.2
|
65–70
|
29–30
|
|
Hovensa
|
1.20
|
4.0
|
37–39
|
27–28
|
|
Hamaca
|
1.30
|
4.0–4.3
|
60–65
|
29–30
|
|
Asia and Europe
|
|
Agip, Gela
|
0.70
|
4.5
|
60
|
|
|
Midor
|
0.30
|
5.5
|
55
|
50–
|
|
Malaysia Refining Co Sdn Bhd
|
0.35
|
5.0
|
45
|
40–
|
|
MiRO, Karlsruhe
|
0.29
|
3.0
|
60
|
50–
|
|
MOL
|
0.20
|
3.5
|
70
|
|
|
Reliance Oil
|
2.50
|
6.1–6.3
|
43–50
|
60–
|
|
Repsol. La Coruña
|
0.45
|
4.8
|
80
|
45–
|
|
Repsol, Puertollano
|
0.45
|
4.5
|
55
|
a)
a)
|
|
BP, Gelsenkirchen
|
0.26
|
3.0
|
60
|
50–
|
|
BP, Lingen
|
0.15
|
1.5
|
65
|
60–
|
|
OMV, Burghausen
|
0.15
|
1.5
|
65
|
60–
|
|
Conoco, Immingham
|
2.1
|
0.2
|
—
|
Needle coke
|
a S = Sulfur; HGI = Hardgrove.
While one coking chamber is being filled in the cycle time, the other chamber is emptied. Typical volume of a modern coke drum is about 1000 m3 with size range in diameter from 5 to 9 m and in height from 20 to 45 m. After steaming and cooling of the coke chambers, the coke is removed by drilling and cutting with high‐pressure water (up to 340 bar pressure). The green coke obtained is conveyed to its application after the draining step: either as fuel or feed for calcining. Table 6.1.2.2 shows the different green coke qualities in relation to use.
The following components can be used as feed to the delayed coking units [12]:
1 1. Crude residues (atmospheric or vacuum).
2 2. Crack components (visbroken tar, cycle oil, decant oil, or thermal crack tar).
3 3. Deasphalted residues (pitch).
4 4. Coal oils.
5 5. Used plastic materials (recycling).
The
