38 38 Glover, P.A., Rudloff, E., and Kirby, R. (2014). Hydroxyethyl starch: a review of pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, current products, and potential clinical risks, benefits, and use. J, Vet, Emerg, Crit, Care (San Antonio). 24: 642–661.
39 39 Schortgen, F., Girou, E., Deye, N. et al. (2008). The risk associated with hyperoncotic colloids in patients with shock. Intens. Care. Med. 34: 2157–2168.
40 40 Wiedermann, C.J., Dunzendorfer, S., Gaioni, L.U. et al. (2010). Hyperoncotic colloids and acute kidney injury: a meta‐analysis of randomized trials. Crit. Care. 14: R191.
41 41 Dart, A.B., Mutter, T.C., Ruth, C.A. et al. (2010). Hydroxyethyl starch (HES) versus other fluid therapies: effects on kidney function. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews: 2010 (1): CD007594. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD007594.pub2
42 42 Perner, A., Haase, N., Guttormsen, A.B. et al. (2012). Hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.42 versus Ringer's acetate in severe sepsis. Ne. Eng. J. Med. 367: 124–134.
43 43 Myburgh, J.A., Finfer, S., Bellomo, R. et al. (2012). Hydroxyethyl starch or saline for fluid resuscitation in intensive care. New Eng. J. Med. 367: 1901–1911.
44 44 Gratwick, Z., Viljoen, A., Page, P.C. et al. (2017). A comparison of the effects of a 4% modified fluid gelatin and a 6% hydroxyethyl starch on haemodilution, colloid osmotic pressure, haemostasis and renal parameters in healthy ponies. Equine Vet. J 49 (3): 363–368.doi: 10.111/evj.12594.
45 45 Fenger‐Eriksen, C., Tonnesen, E., Ingerslev, J. et al. (2009). Mechanisms of hydroxyethyl starch‐induced dilutional coagulopathy. J.T.H. 7: 1099–1105.
46 46 McKenzie, E.C., Esser, M.M., McNitt, S.E. et al. (2016). Effect of infusion of equine plasma or 6% hydroxyethyl starch (600/0.75) solution on plasma colloid osmotic pressure in healthy horses. Am. J. Vet. Res. 77: 708–714.
47 47 Epstein, K.L., Bergren, A., Giguere, S. et al. (2014). Cardiovascular, colloid osmotic pressure, and hemostatic effects of 2 formulations of hydroxyethyl starch in healthy horses. J. Vet. Intern. Med. 28: 223–233.
48 48 Blong, A.E., Epstein, K.L., and Brainard, B.M. (2013). In vitro effects of three formulations of hydroxyethyl starch solutions on coagulation and platelet function in horses. Am. J. Vet. Res. 74: 712–720.
49 49 Bellezzo, F., Kuhnmuench, T., and Hackett, E.S. (2014). The effect of colloid formulation on colloid osmotic pressure in horses with naturally occurring gastrointestinal disease. B.M.C. Vet. Res. 10 Suppl 1: S8.
50 50 Brunisholz, H.P., Schwarzwald, C.C., Bettschart‐Wolfensberger, R. et al. (2015). Effects of 10% hydroxyethyl starch (HES 200/0.5) solution in intraoperative fluid therapy management of horses undergoing elective surgical procedures. Vet. J. 206: 398–403.
51 51 Reilly, C. (2011). Retraction. Notice of formal retraction of articles by Dr. Joachim Boldt. Brit. J. Anaesth. 107: 116–117.
52 52 Lopes, M.A., White, N.A. 2nd, Donaldson, L. et al. (2004). Effects of enteral and intravenous fluid therapy, magnesium sulfate, and sodium sulfate on colonic contents and feces in horses. Am. J. Vet. Res. 65: 695–704.
53 53 Lopes, M.A., Walker, B.L., White, N.A. 2nd. et al. (2002).Treatments to promote colonic hydration: enteral fluid therapy versus intravenous fluid therapy and magnesium sulphate. Equine Vet. J. 34: 505–509.
54 54 Hallowell, G.D. (2008). Retrospective study assessing efficacy of treatment of large colonic impactions. Equine Vet. J. 40: 411–413.
55 55 Monreal, L., Garzon, N., Espada, Y. et al. (1999). Electrolyte vs. glucose‐electrolyte isotonic solutions for oral rehydration therapy in horses. Equine Vet. J. Supplement: 425–429.
56 56 Collatos, C. and Romano, S. (1993). Cecal impaction in horses – causes, diagnosis, and medical‐treatment. Comp. Cont. Educ. Pract. 15: 976–982.
57 57 Lester, G.D., Merritt, A.M., Kuck, H.V. et al. (2013). Systemic, renal, and colonic effects of intravenous and enteral rehydration in horses. J. Vet. Intern. Med. 27: 554–566.
58 58 Ousey, J.C. (1994). Total parenteral nutrition in the young foal. Equine Vet. Educ. 16: 2.
59 59 Krause, J.B. and McKenzie, H.C. 3rd. (2007). Parenteral nutrition in foals: a retrospective study of 45 cases (2000–2004). Equine Vet. J. 39: 74–78.
60 60 Lopes, M.A. and White, N.A. 2nd. (2002). Parenteral nutrition for horses with gastrointestinal disease: a retrospective study of 79 cases. Equine Vet. J. 34: 250–257.
61 61 Hansen, T.O. (1986). Parenteral nutrition in foals. Proceedings of the 32nd Annual Convention of the American Association of Equine Practitioners AAEP, 4.
62 62 Myers, C.J., Magdesian, K.G., Kass, P.H, et al. (20098. Parenteral nutrition in neonatal foals: clinical description, complications and outcome in 53 foals (1995–2005). Vet. J. 181: 137–144.
63 63 Jeejeebhoy, K.N. (2004). Permissive underfeeding of the critically ill patient. Nutrit. Clin Pract 19: 477–480.
64 64 Carr, E.A. and Holcombe, S.J. (2009). Nutrition of critically ill horses. Vet. Clin. N. Am. Equine Pract. 25: 93–108, vii.
65 65 Magdesian, K.G. (2010). Parenteral nutrition in the mature horse. Equine Vet. Educ. 22: 364–371.
66 66 Waitt, L.H. and Cebra, C.K. (2009). Characterization of hypertriglyceridemia and response to treatment with insulin in horses, ponies, and donkeys: 44 cases (1995–2005). J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 234: 915–919.
67 67 Durham, A.E. (2006). Clinical application of parenteral nutrition in the treatment of five ponies and one donkey with hyperlipaemia. Vet. Record. 158: 159–164.
68 68 Han, J.H., McKenzie, H.C., McCutcheon, L.J. et al. (2011). Glucose and insulin dynamics associated with continuous rate infusion of dextrose solution or dextrose solution and insulin in healthy and endotoxin‐exposed horses. Am. J. Vet. Res. 72: 522–529.
69 69 Klein, C.J., Stanek, G.S., and Wiles, C.E. 3rd. (1998). Overfeeding macronutrients to critically ill adults: metabolic complications. J. Am. Diet. Assoc. 98: 795–806.
70 70 Ousey, J.C., Prandi, S., Zimmer, J. et al. (1997). Effects of various feeding regimens on the energy balance of equine neonates. Am. J. Vet. Res. 58: 1243–1251.
71 71 Hoffer, R.E., Barber, S.M., Kallfelz, F.A. et al. (1977). Esophageal patch grafting as a treatment for esophageal stricture in a horse. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 171: 350–354.
72 72 McKenzie, H.C. 3rd., and Geor, R.J. (2009). Feeding management of sick neonatal foals. Vet. Clin. N. Am. Equine Pract. 25: 109–119, vii.
73 73 Furr, M.O. (2002). Intravenous nutrition in horses. Proceedings of the 20th Annual ACVIM Forum American College of veterinary Internal Medicine: 2.
74 74 Greatorex, J.C. (1975). Intravenous nutrition in the treatment of tetanus in horses. Vet. Record. 97: 498.
75 75 Dunkel, B. and McKenzie, H.C. 3rd. (2003). Severe hypertriglyceridaemia in clinically ill horses: diagnosis, treatment and outcome. Equine Vet. J. 35: 590–595.
76 76 Hansen, T.O., White, N.A. 2nd, and Kemp, D.T. (1988). Total parenteral nutrition in four healthy adult horses. Am. J. Vet. Res. 49: 122–124.
77 77 Suann, C.J. (1982). Esophageal resection and anastomosis as a treatment for esophageal stricture in the horse. Equine Vet. J. 14: 163–164.
78 78 Spurlock, S.L. and Ward, M.V. (1990). Providing parenteral nutritional support for equine patients. Vet. Med‐US. 85: 883.
79 79 Bercier, D.L. (2003). Nutrition support in critical illness. Proceedings of the 49th Annual convention of the American Association of Equine Practitioners AAEP 6.
80 80 Durham, A.E., Phillips, T.J., Walmsley, J.P. et al. (2003). Study of the clinical effects of postoperative parenteral nutrition in 15 horses. Vet. Record. 153: 493–498.
81 81 Durham, A.E., Phillips, T.J., Walmsley, J.P. et al. (2004). Nutritional and clinicopathological effects of post operative parenteral nutrition following