for the self‐assembly of supramolecular polymeric nanostructures. Source: Klok et al. [42], © 1999 American Chemical Society.Figure 8.14 Schematic representation of resorcin[4]arene
10 and calix[4]arene
11. Source: Baldini et al. [45], © 2011 American Chemical Society.Figure 8.15 Schematic representation of cavitands
12 and
13. The latter one was used as AB‐type monomer in a supramolecular polymerization. Source: Dalcanale and Pinalli [19], © 2015 Springer Nature.Figure 8.16 (a) Representation of the solid‐state structure of poly‐
13 (perpendicular view to the polymer chains) [52]. (b) Schematic representation of the star‐shaped supramolecular polymer, derived from a template‐driven self‐assembly using a planar tetratopic guest, as core. Source: Yebeutchou et al. [52], © 2008 John Wiley and Sons.Figure 8.17 Schematic representation of the
p‐
tert‐butylcalix[5]arenes
14–16. Source: Pappalardo et al. [56].Figure 8.18 Schematic representation of the bis‐calix[5]arenes
17 and the alkyl‐diammonium salts
18 used for the self‐assembly into the supramolecular architectures A‐D. Source: Gattuso et al. [60], © 2008 American Chemical Society.Figure 8.19 Schematic representation of the homoditopic “bis‐container”
19 for the complexation of fullerene derivatives, such as the dumbbell‐shaped bis‐fullerene
20 and the polyacetylene
21 with fullerene side chains.Figure 8.20 Schematic representation of the formation of a supramolecular coil–rod–coil triblock copolymer. Source: Hirao et al. [67], © 2020 American Chemical Society.Figure 8.21 Schematic representation of the homoditopic AA‐type bis‐cavitand hosts (
22) and BB‐type guests (
23) used for supramolecular polymerization. Source: Tancini et al. [69], © 2010 John Wiley and Sons.Figure 8.22 Representation of the crystal structure of the linear supramolecular polymer obtained from the self‐assembly of 22c and MV
2+ (the counterions are omitted for clarity). Source: Tancini et al. [69], © 2010 John Wiley and Sons.Figure 8.23 (a) Schematic representation of the
p‐sulfonatocalix[
n]arene
24 and the corresponding homoditopic hosts
25 and
26. (b) Schematic representation of the self‐assembly of
25 into a linear or net‐like polymer upon complexation of a dicationic or tetracationic guest. Source: Guo et al. [71], © 2009 John Wiley and Sons.Figure 8.24 Schematic representation of the tetracationic bis‐viologen guests
27 and their use in the self‐assembly with bis‐calixarene
26 to afford linear polymer or cyclic oligomers. Source:(a) Redrawn from Guo et al. [73,74] © 2010 Royal Society of Chemistry; (b) Redrawn from Qian et al. © 2012 John Wiley and Sons.Figure 8.25 Schematic representation of the synthesis of a ternary supramolecular polymer via a two‐step self‐assembly approach. Source: Redrawn from Qian et al. [74], © 2012 John Wiley and Sons.Figure 8.26 Schematic representation of the pH‐ and redox‐sensitive supramolecular polymer assembled from bis‐calixarene
26 and the heteroditopic guest
28. Source: Redrawn from Ma et al. [77], © 2011 Royal Society of Chemistry.Figure 8.27 Schematic representation of the multifunctional guest
29 and the chiral supramolecular polymer derived by binding of α‐CD and
26. The polymer showed a light‐driven isomerization that could be monitored by SEM imaging of the dried cast films on glass slides. Source: Sun et al. [78]. Figure reproduced with kind permission; © 2013 American Chemical Society.Figure 8.28 Schematic representation of calix[4]pyrrole (
30). The four most relevant conformations (a) as well as the anion‐induced transformation from the 1,3‐alterante to the cone‐shaped conformation (b) are also shown. Source: Wu et al. [80], © 2001 The Royal Chemical Society.Figure 8.29 Schematic representation of the TTF‐functionalized calix[4]pyrroles
31, which, in their 1,3‐alternate conformation, accommodated two electron‐poor guests. The conformation of
33 could be switched reversibly by adding chloride anions. Source: Nielsen et al. [88], © 2004 American Chemical Society.Figure 8.30 Schematic representation of the dicationic calix[4]pyrrole‐based guests
32. (a) Schematic representation of the structure of the supramolecular polymer assembled from
31c and
32a; a representative SEM image visualizing the solid‐state morphology of the material is also shown. (b) Schematic representation of the supramolecular assemblies formed by the depolymerization of (
31c⋅⋅⋅32a)
n in the presence of TBAI (left) and TEAI (right). Source: Kim et al. [91], © 2013 American Chemical Society. Figure reproduced with kind permission; © 2013 American Chemical Society.Figure 8.31 (a) Schematic representation of the flexible, ditopic guests
33. (b) Evolution of the DP as a function of the monomer concentration in different solvents (MCH: methylcyclohexane; DCE: 1,2‐dichloroethane). Source: Bähring et al. [92], © 2014 The Royal Chemical Society.Figure 8.32 (a) Schematic representation of the complementary ditopic monomers
34 and
35, which gave a linear supramolecular polymer due to calix[4]pyrrole–carboxylate anion recognition. Source: Yuvayapan et al. [93], © 2019 The Royal Chemical SocietyFigure 8.33 Schematic representation of the PBI dye
30 that was assembled into fibers upon addition of a
p‐sulfonatocalix[
n]arene (
24). The TEM, SEM, and AFM images (from the left to the right) of the nanostructures are also depicted. Source: Guo et al. [96]. Figure reproduced with kind permission; © 2012 The Royal Chemical Society.Figure 8.34 Schematic representation of the reversible self‐assembly of an amphiphilic molecule in the presence of a macrocyclic host. Source: García‐Rio and Basílio [101], © 2019 Elsevier.Figure 8.35 Schematic representation of the formation of a supramolecular amphiphile, as a thermoresponsive carrier for doxorubicin hydrochloride. A representative TEM image of the vesicles is also depicted. Source: Wang et al. [104]. Figure reproduced with kind permission; © 2010 Wiley‐VCH.Figure 8.36 Schematic representation of the multiple stimuli–responsive vesicles obtained from the self‐assembly of
24 (
n = 4) and
39. Source: Wang et al. [105], © 2011 American Chemical Society.Figure 8.37 Schematic representation of the multistep assembly of a linear supramolecular polymer from the heterodifunctional guest
40 and two different types of hosts. The TEM images of the three types of assemblies observed in the study are also depicted. Source: Zhang et al. [106]. Figure reproduced with kind permission; © 2014 The Royal Chemical Society.Figure 8.38 Schematic representation of the self‐assembly of
41 into vesicles and, in the presence of Ag(I) ions, spherical micelles. Source: Redrawn from ref. Houmadi et al. [122], © 2007 American Chemical Society.Figure 8.39 Schematic representation of the homoditopic guest
42 that was assembled into spherical nanostructures in the presence of the sulfonated calix[4]arene
24 (a) or bis‐calix[4]arene
26 (b). Both types of nanostructures exhibited aggregation‐induced emission. Source: Redrawn from ref. Jiang et al. [107], © 2014 American Chemical Society.Figure 8.40 Schematic representation of calix[4]arene
43 as a host for the self‐assembly into supramolecular micelles with chlorin‐e6 (Ce6). The size distribution as determined by DLS measurements (a) and a TEM image of the micelles (b) are also depicted. Source: Tu et al. [111]. Figure reproduced with kind permission; © 2011 The Royal Chemical Society.Figure 8.41 Schematic representation of an enzyme‐responsive supramolecular amphiphile for drug‐delivery applications. Source: Guo et al. [113], © 2012 American Chemical Society.Figure 8.42 Schematic representation of the self‐assembly of
44 and
45 into supramolecular amphiphiles. Source: Redrawn from Kharlamov et al. [115], © 2013 American Chemical Society.Figure 8.43 Schematic representation of the self‐assembly of
46 and
47 into supramolecular nanosheets. The TEM (a) and AFM (b) images of these nanosheets are also depicted. Well‐defined nanosheets, which are 1–2 mm long and 300–500 nm wide, are observed. Source: Yi et al. [116]. Figure reproduced with kind permission; © 2012 The Royal Chemical SocietyFigure 8.44 Schematic representation of a calix[8]arene‐based polypseudorotaxane. Source: Yamagishi et al. [119], © 2001 American Chemical Society.
9 Chapter 9Figure 9.1 Schematic representation of basic cyclodextrin (CD) structures. Source: Szejtli [4]. © 1997 American Chemical Society.Figure 9.2 (a) Schematic representations of a pseudorotaxane and a rotaxane. (b) Qualitative representation of the energy scheme for the disassembly of a [2] rotaxane into its molecular components. Source: Wenz et al. [11]. © 2006 American Chemical Society.Figure 9.3 Schematic representation of the synthesis of polypseudorotaxanes
