2 Research involving sensitive topics and vulnerable populations does not require approval from the IRB.TrueFalse
3 Sally hates the design of her cafeteria because she thinks it keeps people from talking to each other and making new friends. If she conducts a study to test what design would produce the most social atmosphere, she is likely accomplishing which of the following?Basic researchApplied researchReliabilityValidity
4 Which of the following should students not rely on for a credible source?Unpublished doctoral dissertationsConference presentationsUndergraduate journalsWeb blogs
5 Which of the following sources might help you find keywords for terms in your field?Library of Congress Classification SystemThesaurus of Psychological Index TermsEncyclopedia of PsychologyMeasures for Clinical Practice
6 Which of the following is not an example of a keyword?AttributionDaniel CorsiniDespiteTechnical reports
7 A keyword that yields zero hits may be too narrow.TrueFalse
8 Which of the following allows you to see how many other times a particular article has been cited in a particular database?Times Cited in this Database by PsycINFOTracking Citation system in ERICBibMeRefWorks
9 In ________, the researcher is looking at people at different points of development, but collects the data at one point of time.cross-sectional designlongitudinal designtime lag designsequential design
10 In a correlational study, the researcher manipulates the independent variable.TrueFalse
11 The IRB is an international committee that oversees research involving human participants.TrueFalse
12 Which of the following is not crucial for selecting a reviewer for a project?Years of experience in a fieldExpertise in the subject areaAgreement to keep the manuscript and review details confidentialDegrees of separation from the author
13 The file drawer phenomenon includes research not submitted for publication whether that’s due to no significant results or significant results the researcher doesn’t like.TrueFalse
14 The abstract of an article contains all of the important information in the article.TrueFalse
15 The description of the participants in a study, the materials used, and the procedure are all found in the Method section.TrueFalse
16 A meta-analysis is a powerful source of information about a topic because it combines data from other studies examining the same research question.TrueFalse
17 A variable that provides alternative explanations for the relationships being studied and that the researcher failed to measure or control is called a(n):pilot variableconfounding variablesecondary variableannoyance variable
18 Integrity in the research process is increasingly under scrutiny. Increased transparency is being addressed by:asking researchers to submit their raw datapublicizing papers that have been retractedcreating retraction websites to list retracted papersall of the above
Build Your Skills
1 As a first step in writing an Introduction, prepare article summaries for 10 relevant articles. Summaries should include the following:(a) The correct bibliographic citation (you could use RefWorks but see also the section in Chapter 13 on APA formatting)(b) A sentence describing the topic being investigated(c) A brief paragraph summarizing the theory or conceptual reasoning that underlies the research. What population and methods did the authors use? What did the authors demonstrate? What are the important conclusions and implications?(d) A sentence describing the findings that are important for your research project. What do the results add to your own approach to your project?
2 As a second step in writing the introduction, prepare a written integration of these 10 articles.(a) Try to shape your introduction like a funnel, starting wide and narrowing as you approach your hypotheses (or where your hypotheses will be by the time you submit your IRB proposal!).(b) Try to create paragraphs organized around themes; don’t simply “stack” the article summaries.(c) Re-read the articles you are using to get some idea of how other people write literature reviews. Consider their organizational strategies (Foundation articles? Theory? Methodological approaches? Confounding variables? Anomalous findings?)(d) Consider how other researchers explain the manner in which they are building on the previous literature—that is, taking things further and in new directions.
Descriptions of Images and Figures
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The types of research designs, and the categories of research approaches, represented by numbers, are as follows.
Research designs:
Correlational (1, 2, and 4)Correlational (1): Sample as a wholeCorrelational (2): Group DifferencesCorrelational (4): Cross-sectional (group differences with developmental focus)
True experiments (3)
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Text reads, “Abstract. The Stereotype Content Model proposes that competence (or alternatively, agency) is a fundamental dimension of stereotypes. According to this model, beliefs about agency are partially due to the status relations between groups, such that high status groups are perceived to possess agency, whereas low status groups are perceived to lack agentic characteristics. Despite the considerable support for this model, the psychological processes that produce these stereotypes have not been fully explored. In the current studies, we examined whether the correspondence bias may be partially responsible for the stereotype that members of low status groups lack agentic characteristics, relative to those who belong to high status groups. Across both studies, a measure of the correspondence bias predicted such stereotypical beliefs, even after accounting for variables that are known to be associated with beliefs about high and low status groups. This effect was observed when beliefs about the status of groups were experimentally manipulated, and when we measured stereotypical beliefs about two sets of actual high and low status groups.” The four keywords listed at the bottom are attribution, correspondence bias, stereotype content model, and stereotypes.
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The screenshot shows three sections.
The first section shows an entry field, with the entry environmental psychology, followed by the Browse button. There are three radio buttons under the entry field: Term begins with, term contains, and relevancy ranked. The entry is browsed in PsycINFO—Thesaurus.
The second section shows two hyperlinked options for Page: Previous and Next. Previous is grayed out.
Text reads, “Select term, then add to search using:” The text is followed by an entry field, with entry OR, and up-down buttons. A button, labeled Add, is next to the field.
The third section lists subject terms, each preceded by a checkbox. Text before the list reads, “(Check term to display details.)” The subject terms are as follows: Environmental Psychology, Ecological Psychology, Environmental Adaptation, Noise Effects, Environmental Planning, Psychological Terminology, Environmental Stress, Environmental Policy, Environmental Enrichment, Environmental Effects, Environmental Education, Environmental Attitudes, Psychology of Women, and Jungian Psychology.
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The horizontal axis is labeled year, ranging from 1855 to 2020 in increments of 15. The vertical axis is labeled documents, ranging from 0 to 40 in increments of 10. All data are approximate. The number of documents is 0 till 1940, fluctuates between 0 and 1 till 1960, increases to more than 40 documents till 2019 with sharp fluctuations, and decreases to 14 documents in 2020. There is a point at (1972, 7), labeled “1972. 7 Documents in Scopus. Click point to view document list.”
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The screenshot shows two icons: A magnifying glass over a sheet of paper, and a folder with plus icon. The result shows an academic journal.