Towards the City of Thresholds. Stavros Stavrides

into spaces of encounter.

      1. Loïc Wacquant’s concept of “advanced marginality” attempts to understand contemporary ghettos as “isolated and bounded territories increasingly perceived by both outsiders and insiders as social purgatories, leprous badlands at the heart of the postindustrial metropolis” (Wacquant 2008, 237).

      2. For Teresa Caldeira, contemporary São Paulo, one of the most segregated great cities in the world, is characterized by “a new pattern of urban segregation”; “the fortified enclaves … are privatized, enclosed, and monitored spaces for residence, consumption, leisure, and work” (Caldeira 2008, 65).

      3. Bryan Turner understands “enclave society” as one in which “governments and other agencies seek to regulate spaces and, where necessary, to immobilize flows of people, goods and services” (Turner 2007, 290).

      4. Atkinson and Blandy observe that gated communities are “characterized by legal agreements which tie the residents to a common code of conduct and (usually) collective responsibility for management” (Atkinson and Blandy 2005, 178; see also Minton 2009, 74–77).

      5. The world is a floating “residential cruise liner,” the ultimate enclave of the super-rich (Atkinson and Blandy 2009, 92–110). “Moving out of public space, via gated communities and other secessionary modes of governance, has created places that are spatially embedded within, yet contractually outside many of the arrangement of state functions” (ibid., 108–109).

      6. An analogous security “enclavism” is occurring in New York, especially after 9/11. Security zones define both public and private corporate buildings in ways that destroy public space (see Nemeth and Hollander 2010).

      7. The Israeli wall is indeed a “temporary” security measure that is becoming permanent. “The Occupied Territories are trapped in a time loop where temporariness becomes permanent and exception becomes the rule, where no reality is fixed, no rules are clear, and no legal definition is stable” (Weizman 2005, 241).

      8. For Kurt Iveson (who uses as an example the red zone created in Sydney in September 2007 during an APEC Leaders Meeting), “physical regulatory measures … far from being kept secret … were endlessly circulated through a wide range of media interventions” (Iveson 2009, 243). The protestors also used the media to their own means, to interrupt, expose, and fight the red zones: they thus “combined actions in the street with action on the screen” (ibid.).

      9. Specifically, Turner (1977, 95) writes about “liminal entities,” “threshold people,” and “liminal personae.” Exemplary metropolitan rhythms and the city of enclaves

      10. See Samatas (2007).