The Age of Fitness. Jürgen Martschukat

Women’s advocates’ relationship to competitive sports was somewhat more ambivalent. On the one hand, many aspects of such sports now opened up to women that had previously been denied them, and female athletes became role models in part because they incorporated themselves proactively into a competitive order. On the other hand, feminists criticized competitive sports as a typical embodiment of aggressive masculinity. Cahn, Coming on Strong; Schultz, Qualifying Times, 123–48; Theberge, “A Critique of Critiques.” On feminist fitness in the nineteenth century, see Vertinsky, “Feminist Charlotte Perkins Gilman.” For an overview, see Thorpe and Olive (eds.), “Forum: Feminist Sport History.”

      70 70. Fraser, “How Feminism Became Capitalism’s Handmaiden”; Fraser, “Feminism.”

      71 71. Villa, “Habe den Mut”; Luciano, Looking Good; Pfütsch, “Zwischen Gesundheit und Schönheit.”

      72 72. Butler, Psychic Life of Power; Reckwitz, Subjekt; Schultz, Qualifying Times, 139–46; Hargreaves, Sporting Females, 160; Woitas, “Vom männlichen Elitetraining”; Markula, “Firm but Shapely”; Bradshaw, “Empowerment and Sport Feminism.”

      73 73. McKenzie, Getting Physical, 164; Schultz, Qualifying Times, 136–8.

      74 74. Jane Fonda, Workout (VHS; USA, 1982); Black, Making the American Body, 79–87; Woitas, “Go for the burn!”

      75 75. Woitas, “Vom männlichen Elitetraining.”

      76 76. See Gustav-Wrathall, Take the Young Stranger, on YMCA sports facilities as dating sites.

      77 77. McKenzie, Getting Physical, 168–72; Dilger, Die Fitnessbewegung in Deutschland, 245–366; “cathedrals” in Reed, “America Shapes Up.”

      78 78. Scheller, No Sports!; Pumping Iron (USA, 1977).

      79 79. Bailey, Fit or Fat?, 101.

      80 80. Rader, “The Quest.”

      81 81. Roosevelt, “The Strenuous Life”; Möhring, “Ethnic food,” 327–8.