Table of Contents
1 Cover
4 Preface
5 List of Abbreviations and Symbols
8 2 Principles of X-ray Spectrometry 2.1 Analytical Performance 2.2 X-ray Radiation and Their Interaction 2.3 The Development of X-ray Spectrometry 2.4 Carrying Out an Analysis
9 3 Sample Preparation 3.1 Objectives of Sample Preparation 3.2 Preparation Techniques 3.3 Preparation of Compact and Homogeneous Materials 3.4 Small Parts Materials 3.5 Liquid Samples 3.6 Biological Materials 3.7 Small Particles, Dust, and Aerosols
10 4 XRF Instrument Types 4.1 General Design of an X-ray Spectrometer 4.2 Comparison of Wavelength- and Energy-Dispersive X-Ray Spectrometers 4.3 Type of Instruments 4.4 Commercially Available Instrument Types
11 5 Measurement and Evaluation of X-ray Spectra 5.1 Information Content of the Spectra 5.2 Procedural Steps to Execute a Measurement 5.3 Selecting the Measurement Conditions 5.4 Determination of Peak Intensity 5.5 Quantification Models 5.6 Characterization of Layered Materials 5.7 Chemometric Methods for Material Characterization 5.8 Creation of an Application
12 6 Analytical Errors 6.1 General Considerations 6.2 Types of Errors 6.3 Accounting for Systematic Errors 6.4 Recording of Error Information
13 7 Other Element Analytical Methods 7.1 Overview 7.2 Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (AAS) 7.3 Optical Emission Spectrometry 7.4 Mass Spectrometry (MS) 7.5 X-Ray Spectrometry by Particle Excitation (SEM-EDS, PIXE) 7.6 Comparison of Methods
14 8 Radiation Protection 8.1 Basic Principles 8.2 Effects of Ionizing Radiation on Human Tissue 8.3 Natural Radiation Exposure 8.4 Radiation Protection Regulations
15 9 Analysis of Homogeneous Solid Samples 9.1 Iron Alloys 9.2 Ni–Fe–Co Alloys 9.3 Copper Alloys 9.4 Aluminum Alloys 9.5 Special Metals 9.6 Precious Metals 9.7 Glass Material 9.8 Polymers 9.9 Abrasion Analysis
16
10 Analysis of Powder Samples
10.1 Geological Samples
10.2 Ores
10.3 Soils and Sewage Sludges
10.4 Quartz Sand
10.5 Cement
10.6 Coal and Coke
10.7 Ferroalloys
10.8 Slags
10.9 Ceramics and Refractory Materials
10.10 Dusts
10.11 Food
10.12 Pharmaceuticals
10.13