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1 * Corresponding author: [email protected]
2
Nanoparticulate Carriers— Versatile Delivery Systems
Ruchi Chawla*, Varsha Rani and Mohini Mishra
Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering & Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi, India
Abstract
Recently, significant efforts have been made on the development of biocompatible and biodegradable nanoparticulate carrier systems like polymeric nanoparticles, solid lipid nanoparticles, liposomes, etc. for delivery of drugs because of their potential benefits such as enhanced drug permeability, cell adhesion, cytotoxicity and cell attachment, improved bioavailability, reduced systemic toxicity, reduced local irritation, predictable gastric emptying, and improved pharmacokinetic behavior in comparison to conventional (monolithic) formulations. The sub-cellular and sub-micron size of nanoparticles facilitates trafficking and sorting into deep tissues through capillaries or fenestrations and also into different intracellular compartments such as macrophages, dendritic cells, etc.
The delivery to target site and tissues can be controlled by engineering the polymer/lipid characteristics for their molecular weight, size, aqueous solubility, etc. The nanoparticulate carriers can be targeted both actively and passively. Conjugation with receptor-specific ligands results in active targeting with potential delivery of drugs to the target tissue. Autophagy is an example of passive targeting mechanism in which circulating cytoplasmic cells or organelles engulf the drug carriers (like in tuberculosis). Besides use of nanocarriers for delivery of drugs, they can also be used for delivery of DNA in gene therapy and administer proteins, peptides, and genes via peroral route. Thus, the nanoparticulate drug carriers have versatile applications in drug delivery and treatment of diseases.
Keywords: Polymeric nanoparticles, lipidic nanocarriers, thernostics, SPIONs, SEEDS, applications, regenerative medicine, phagokinetics
List of Abbreviations
| SLNs | Solid lipid nanoparticles |
| NLCs | Nanostructured lipid carriers |
| ULVs | Unilamellar vesicles |
| MLVs | Multilamellar vesicles |
| PLNs | PEGylated-lipid nanoparticles |
| siRNA | Small interfering RNA |
| HCC | Hepatocellular carcinoma |
| P-gp | P-glycoprotein |
| RGD | Arginine-glycine-aspartic acid |
| CSLNs | Cationic solid lipid nanoparticles |
| DOPE | Dioleoylphosphatidylethanolamine |
| PG | Phosphatidylglycerol |
| PS | Phosphatidylserine |
| PC | Phosphatidylcholine |
| RES | Reticuloendothelial system |
| NIPAM | N-isopropylacrylamide |
| HT | Hyperthermia |
| Tm | Phase transition temperature |
| CMC | Critical micellar concentration |
| AuNPs | Gold nanoparticles |
| SPR | Surface plasmon resonance |
| SPIONs | Superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles |
| MPI | Magnetic particle imaging |
| PEI | Poly(ethylenimine) |
| CST | Critical solution temperature |
| LCST | Lower critical solution temperatures |
| UCST | Upper critical solution temperature |
| NDV | Newcastle disease virus |
| ISCOMs | Immuno-stimulating complexes |
| FDA | Food and Drug Administration |
| NAP | Neuroprotective peptide |
| Lf | Lactoferrin |
| Pep-H | Peptide H |
| Mtb Ab | Mycobacterium tuberculosis Antibody |
| SEDDS | Self-emulsifying drug delivery system |
| SMDDS | Self-microemulsifying drug delivery system |
2.1 Introduction
One can witness the multitudinous furtherance made by researchers in the field of medicines. Multifarious research has been done in not just discovering new drugs and their targets but also casting the unique ways that could deliver the drug of interest to the desired site with maximum efficacy and minimal side effects. Novel drug delivery systems in relation to conventional drug delivery systems offer advantages of controlling the fate of drugs in the body with minimal fluctuations in plasma-drug concentration. Apart from these core advantages, they also provide target specificity, improved bioavailability, lesser side effects, and better absorption profile. Nanotechnology has opened newer avenues of applications of novel drug delivery systems by providing target specificity