95 88
96 89
97 90
98 91
99 92
100 93
101 94
102 95
Physiology of Human Reproduction
Notes for Students
George Osol, PhD
Professor Emeritus
Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences
University of Vermont Larner College of Medicine
Burlington, VT, USA
This edition first published 2021
© 2021 John Wiley & Sons Ltd
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, except as permitted by law. Advice on how to obtain permission to reuse material from this title is available at http://www.wiley.com/go/permissions.
The right of George Osol to be identified as the author of this work has been asserted in accordance with law.
Registered Offices John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, USA John Wiley & Sons Ltd, The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex, PO19 8SQ, UK
Editorial Office 9600 Garsington Road, Oxford, OX4 2DQ, UK
For details of our global editorial offices, customer services, and more information about Wiley products visit us at www.wiley.com.
Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats and by print‐on‐demand. Some content that appears in standard print versions of this book may not be available in other formats.
Limit of Liability/Disclaimer of Warranty The contents of this work are intended to further general scientific research, understanding, and discussion only and are not intended and should not be relied upon as recommending or promoting scientific method, diagnosis, or treatment by physicians for any particular patient. In view of ongoing research, equipment modifications, changes in governmental regulations, and the constant flow of information relating to the use of medicines, equipment, and devices, the reader is urged to review and evaluate the information provided in the package insert or instructions for each medicine, equipment, or device for, among other things, any changes in the instructions or indication of usage and for added warnings and precautions. While the publisher and authors have used their best efforts in preparing this work, they make no representations or warranties with respect to the accuracy or completeness of the contents of this work and specifically disclaim all warranties, including without limitation any implied warranties of merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose. No warranty may be created or extended by sales representatives, written sales materials or promotional statements for this work. The fact that an organization, website, or product is referred to in this work as a citation and/or potential source of further information does not mean that the publisher and authors endorse the information or services the organization, website, or product may provide or recommendations it may make. This work is sold with the understanding that the publisher is not engaged in rendering professional services. The advice and strategies contained herein may not be suitable for your situation. You should consult with a specialist where appropriate. Further, readers should be aware that websites listed in this work may have changed or disappeared between when this work was written and when it is read. Neither the publisher nor authors shall be liable for any loss of profit or any other commercial damages, including but not limited to special, incidental, consequential, or other damages.
Library of Congress Cataloging‐in‐Publication Data
Names: Osol, George, author.
Title: Physiology of human reproduction : notes for students / George Osol.
Description: Hoboken, NJ : Wiley‐Blackwell, 2021. | Includes index.
Identifiers: LCCN 2020026467 (print) | LCCN 2020026468 (ebook) | ISBN 9781119609582 (paperback) | ISBN 9781119609605 (Adobe PDF) | ISBN 9781119609575 (epub)
Subjects: MESH: Reproduction–physiology | Study Guide
Classification: LCC QP251 (print) | LCC QP251 (ebook) | NLM WQ 200.1 | DDC 612.6–dc23
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2020026467 LC ebook record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2020026468
Cover Design: Wiley
Cover Image: © Chad Baker/Getty Images
Acknowledgement
I would like to thank Wiley, particularly James Watson, Anne Hunt, and D. Vincent Rajan for their editorial assistance and guidance with the publication and copyediting process, and my family for their patience and support.
Key Concepts and Terms
Chapter 1: The Adult Male
1 1. Three basic requirements for male fertility
2 2. GnRH
3 3. LH and FSH
4 4. Pulsatile release
5 5. First vs. second messengers
6 6. Leydig cells
7 7. Action of LH
8 8. Testosterone
9 9. Sertoli cells
10 10. Three main types of sex steroids
11 11. Aromatization
12 12. Conversion of testosterone into estrogen
13 13. Action of FSH
14 14. Inhibin
15 15. Sertoli cell functions
16 16. The blood-testis barrier
17 17. Spatial relationships in males vs. females
18 18. Diverse actions of testosterone
19 19. Actions of testosterone in utero
20 20. Sexual differentiation
21 21. Androgens during puberty
22 22. DHT
23 23. 5α-reductase
24 24. Androgen insensitivity syndrome (AIS)
25 25. Sperm count
26 26. Seminiferous tubules
27 27. Spermatogonia
28 28. Primary spermatocytes
29 29. Secondary spermatocytes
30 30. Alignment of maternal and paternal chromosomes; genetic diversity
31 31. Spermatids
32 32. Acrosome
33 33. Axoneme
34 34. Spermiogenesis
35 35. Gymnosperm (X) vs. androsperm (Y)
36 36.