Introduction to Energy, Renewable Energy and Electrical Engineering. Ewald F. Fuchs

or in...Figure E10.27.5 Reference currents of inverter v_ref1(t) = V(12) − V(0), v_ref...Figure E10.27.6 Power system phase voltages v_an(t) = V(19) − V(123), v_bn(t) ...Figure E10.28.1 Block diagram of direct‐drive, variable‐speed wind power pla...Figure E10.28.2 Direct‐drive (without mechanical gear), variable‐speed three...Figure E10.28.3 Three‐phase ∆/(ungrounded Y) step‐up transformer supplying t...Figure E10.28.4 Three‐phase current‐controlled voltage source inverter suppl...Figure E10.28.5 Top plot: steady‐state line‐to‐neutral voltages v_an(t) = V(1...Figure E10.28.6 Top plot: required (given) rectifier output unipolar voltage...Figure E10.28.7 Reference line currents v_ref1(t) = V(12) − V(0), v_ref2(t) = Figure E10.28.8 Top plot: required (given) rectifier output unipolar voltage...Figure E10.28.9 Top plot: secondary phase transformer currents i_aph(t) = I(LFigure E10.28.10 Top plot: primary line transformer currents i_genA(t) = I(Rg...Figure E10.28.11 Design dimensions of tower of wind power plant.Figure 10.3 Voltage–current (v‐i) diagram of motoring and regeneration modes...Figure 10.4 Block diagram of motoring mode converting electric energy of con...Figure 10.5 Block diagram of regeneration mode converting mechanical braking...Figure E10.29.1 Input transformer (N₁ : N₂) with diode bridge PWM MOSFET swi...Figure E10.29.2 Current‐controlled PWM voltage source inverter [7, 8, 17] fe...Figure E10.29.3 Top plot: input DC voltage to inverter v_out(t) = V_bat(t) ≈ VFigure E10.29.4 Harmonic current through DC input source of inverter i_bat(t)...Figure E10.29.5 Top plot: induced voltages of induction machine e_a(t) = v_out...Figure E10.29.6 Comparison of reference currents v_ref1(t) = V(12) − V(0), v_r...Figure E10.29.7 Input AC voltage to primary of step‐up transformer v_syst(t) ...Figure E10.29.8 Secondary transformer voltage v_sec(t) = V(10) − V(11) and cu...Figure E10.29.9 Top plot: unipolar output voltage of diode bridge v_Cbridge(tFigure E10.29.10 Current through MOSFET switch i_DMosfet(t) = ID(mosfet) oper...Figure E10.29.11 Top plot: unipolar (or DC) output voltage v_out(t) ≈ V_bat =

      12 Chapter 11Figure 11.1 Assembled DC machine [1].Figure 11.2 Disassembled DC machine [1] of Figure 11.1.Figure 11.3 Rotor lamination with rectangular slots to house the rotor windi...Figure 11.4 Types of rotor slots housing different winding coils: (a) single...Figure 11.5 Double‐layer lap winding with p = 4 poles and N = 24 full‐pitch ...Figure 11.6 Developed (straightened out) four‐pole rotor/armature winding of...Figure 11.7a Two‐pole direct‐current (DC) machine with slip rings consists o...Figure 11.7b Instantaneous magnetomotive forces (mmfs) F_s and F_r; flux densi...Figure 11.8a Two‐pole DC machine consisting of stationary stator (s) with an...Figure 11.8b Instantaneous magnetomotive forces (mmfs) F_f and F_a; flux densi...Figure 11.8c Application of the right‐hand‐side rule producing the mechanica...Figure 11.9a Schematic cross section of one pole pitch (half a period) of a ...Figure 11.9b Two‐dimensional magnetic field distribution of one pole pitch o...Figure 11.9c Air‐gap flux density of Figure 11.9, expanded rotor position 1 ...Figure 11.10 (a) Ward Leonard system [30] or generator/motor set applied to ...Figure 11.11 (a) Separately excited DC motor with armature reaction compensa...Figure 11.12 (a) Separately excited generator with cumulatively/differential...Figure 11.13 Self‐excited generator used when no independent voltage source ...Figure 11.14 (a) Series excited motor with one independent voltage source V_aFigure E11.1.1 Equivalent circuit of a separately excited DC motor. For stea...Figure E11.2.1 Equivalent circuit of DC machine with (cumulative) flux addit...Figure E11.2.2 Applied terminal armature voltage V_a(t) as a function of time...Figure E11.2.3 Applied mechanical shaft torque T_m(t) as a function of time....Figure E11.2.4 Calculated armature current I_a(t) as a function of time.Figure E11.2.5 Calculated angular velocity ω_m(t) as a function of time....Figure E11.2.6 Calculated electrical torque T_e(t) as a function of time.Figure E11.2.7 Calculated output power P(t) as a function of time.Figure E11.2.8 Calculated armature current I_a(t) as a function of time.Figure E11.2.9 Calculated angular velocity ω_m(t) as a function of time....Figure E11.2.10 Calculated electrical torque T_e(t) as a function of time.Figure E11.2.11 Calculated output power P(t) as a function of time.Figure E11.2.12 Calculated armature current I_a(t) as a function of time.Figure E11.2.13 Calculated angular velocity ω_m(t) as a function of time...Figure E11.2.14 Calculated electrical torque T_e(t) as a function of time.Figure E11.2.15 Calculated output power P(t) as a function of time.Figure P11.1.1 Circuit [39] for measuring the armature resistance R_a.Figure P11.1.2 Starting circuit [39] of separately excited DC motor includin...Figure P11.1.3 Separately excited DC motor with automatic starting box consi...Figure P11.1.4 Transient armature current i_a(t) in ampere (A) and transient ...Figure P11.3.1 Equivalent circuit of separately excited DC generator supplyi...Figure 11.A.1 Vector equipotential lines (specified by potential ϕ_i) fo...Figure 11.A.2a Vectors used for flux calculation [3]. The potential A_o is a ...Figure 11.A.2b Vectors used for flux calculation based on triangular first‐o...Figure 11.A.2c Equidistant vector potential (A_ℓ) solution [2] for a si...Figure 11.A.3 Relations used for flux calculation [2] based on rectangular (...Figure 11.A.3d Equidistant vector potential (A_o) solution [2] for a simple o...Figure 11.A.4a Definition of vertex coordinates used for flux calculation ba...Figure 11.A.4b Equidistant vector potential (A_ℓ) solution [2] for a si...Figure 11.B.1 Grid or node system for the numerical analysis of a 16‐pole DC...Figure 11.B.2 Magnetic field or vector potential distribution based on numer...

      13 Chapter 12Figure 12.1 Two‐phase, two‐pole stator winding consisting of concentrated wi...Figure 12.2 Radial fundamental cosinusoidal magnetic field intensity H_g of c...Figure 12.3a Instantaneous magnetic field intensity H_g(ωt = 0) or F₁(ωt...Figure 12.3b Instantaneous magnetic field intensity H_g(ωt = π/2) or F₂(Figure 12.3c Instantaneous magnetic field intensity H_g(ωt = π) or F₃(ωt...Figure 12.4a Three‐phase stator winding and rotating DC winding on rotor. Th...Figure 12.4b Three‐phase stator winding and rotating DC winding on rotor. Th...Figure 12.5 Four‐pole configuration with concentrated two-phase windings. Th...Figure 12.6 Magnetic field intensity H_g in the air gap around the circumfere...Figure 12.7 Magnetic field intensity H_g in the air gap around the circumfere...Figure 12.8 Three‐phase, two‐pole distributed winding located in 18 stator s...Figure 12.9 Three‐phase, four‐pole distributed winding located in 24 stator ...Figure 12.10 Various permanent‐magnet material characteristics [8], where Ne...Figure 12.11 Typical demagnetization curves and temperature dependency of Nd...Figure 12.12 Load line 1: load line for small air‐gap and large flux density...Figure 12.13a Partial cross section of a 12‐pole wind power generator [13–18...Figure E12.2.1 Graphical interpretation of Ampere's law in three‐dimensional...Figure E12.2.2 Application of Ampere's law to a single wire in two‐dimension...Figure E12.2.3 Application of Ampere's law in two dimensions to permanent‐ma...Figure 12.13b No‐load magnetic field B(r, φ) of the 12‐pole generator o...Figure E12.3.1 Application of Ampere's law and specifications of geometrical...Figure E12.3.2 Measured (see figure 9 of Fingersh [18]) nonsinusoidal no‐loa...Figure E12.4.1a Symmetric no‐load field of 50 kW machine [10].Figure E12.4.1b Asymmetric rated full‐load field of 50 kW machine [10].Figure E12.5.1a Symmetric no‐load field of 20 kW PMM [16].Figure E12.5.1b Asymmetric rated‐load field of 20 kW PMM [16].Figure E12.5.1c Calculation of direct‐axis X_d and stator leakage X_{s ℓ} r...Figure E12.5.1d Calculation of quadrature‐axis X_q and stator leakage X_sℓ...Figure E12.6.1 PMM with flux distribution at no load with flux‐weakening (FW...Figure 12.14a Brushless