14 Section 9: Mutations and ploidy in plant breeding 25 Mutagenesis in plant breeding 25.1 Brief historical perspectives 25.2 Types of mutations 25.3 Mutagenic agents 25.4 Types of tissues used for mutagenesis 25.5 Factors affecting the success of mutagenesis 25.6 Mutation breeding of seed‐bearing plants 25.7 Mutation breeding of clonally propagated species 25.8 Mutations from tissue culture systems 25.9 Using induced mutants 25.10 Limitations of mutagenesis as a plant breeding technique 25.11 Selected significant successes of mutation breeding 25.12 Molecular techniques for enhancing efficiency of induced mutagenesis 25.13 Horticultural applications of mutagenesis 25.14 General effects of mutagenesis 25.15 Key successes of induced mutagenesis Key references and suggested reading Internet resources Outcomes assessment 26 Ploidy in plantbreeding 26.1 Terminology 26.2 Variations in chromosome number 26.3 General effects of polyploidy of plants 26.4 Origin of polyploids 26.5 Autoploidy 26.6 Breeding autoploids 26.7 Natural alloploids 26.8 Aneuploidy 26.9 General importance of polyploidy in plant improvement 26.10 Inducing polyploids 26.11 Use of 2n gametes for introgression breeding 26.12 Haploidy 26.13 Anther culture 26.14 Doubled haploids Key references and suggested reading Internet resources Outcomes assessment
15
Section 10: Genetic molecular modifications in plant breeding
27 Breeding genetically modified crops
27.1 What is biotechnology?
27.2 Antisense technology
27.3 Restriction enzymes
27.4 Vectors
27.5 Categories of vectors by functions
27.6 Cloning
27.7 Breeding genetically modified (GM) cultivars
27.8 Engineering pest resistance
27.9 Trends in adoption of GM cultivars
Key references and suggested reading
Internet resources
Outcomes assessment
28 Genome editing and other modification technologies
28.1 General steps in genome editing
28.2 Types of editing systems