Practical Field Ecology. C. Philip Wheater

pitfall trap s. (a) Two or more traps can be ...Figure 4.31 Birds ‐eye view of an H‐trap. Barriers are made in t...Figure 4.32 Ramp trap. More sophisticated versions can have a ramp on each s...Figure 4.33 Suction sampler s. (a) and (b) G‐vac based on a modified garden ...Figure 4.34 Emergence traps. (a) Emergence traps that do not have a floor ca...Figure 4.35 Pooter used to suck up small invertebrates. (a) Pooter (aspirato...Figure 4.36 Sweep net and sweep netting invertebrates from a bush. Sweeping ...Figure 4.37 Beating tray s. (a) Black and white versions and (b) in use beat...Figure 4.38 Fogging in rainforest. The fogging illustrated was undertaken in...Figure 4.39 Nets for catching airborne insects. (a) Types of nets: (from lef...Figure 4.40 Rothamsted suction traps. From left to right: Rothamsted pop‐up ...Figure 4.41 Positioning of sticky traps.Figure 4.42 Bottle trap for flies and other flying insects. These can be mad...Figure 4.43 Attractant‐based traps. (a) Funnel trap; (b) Delta trap. (...Figure 4.44 Assembly trap. Virgin females are placed within the mesh contain...Figure 4.45 Trap‐nests for bees and wasps.Figure 4.46 Window trap. Animals hit the window – made of Perspex or netting...Figure 4.47 Malaise trap. Flies, wasps, and other insects hit the centre par...Figure 4.48 Slam trap. (a) Flying insects hit one of the four netting vanes ...Figure 4.49 Simple light trap s for insects. (a) Moths accumulating around a...Figure 4.50 Moth collection tent. Moths attracted to the light hanging in th...Figure 4.51 Examples of moth trap s. (a) Rothamsted trap with mains‐run 200‐...Figure 4.52 Different types of light used for moth trap s. From left to righ...Figure 4.53 Rotary trap.Figure 4.54 Water traps. (a) Coloured water (pan) traps. (b) Trap with lid a...Figure 4.55 Slurp gun. The nozzle can be added or removed depending on the s...Figure 4.56 Using snorkel and scuba gear to observe fish. Note: snorkelling ...Figure 4.57 Sport fishing techniques. (a) Spear gun; (b) coastal fishing usi...Figure 4.58 Examples of nets and traps. (a) Casting a net into shallow coast...Figure 4.59 Bottle trap for newts. Cut a plastic bottle in half and insert t...Figure 4.60 Drift fence with side‐flap bucket trap. Animals move along...Figure 4.61 Funnel traps for amphibians. The funnel entrances help to retain...Figure 4.62 Examples of layouts for drift fencing. (a) Ring fencing a pond: ...Figure 4.63 Artificial cover trap for amphibians. The trap is set in a suita...Figure 4.64 Concrete housing for a camera trap. This design was used in a ju...Figure 4.65 Equipment for catching reptiles at a distance. (a) Grabber; (b) ...Figure 4.66 Refuges as traps for reptiles. (a) Refuge trap – from left to ri...Figure 4.67 Measuring captured birds. (a) Tarsus length; (b) mass.Figure 4.68 Permanent bird hide.Figure 4.69 Bird observation tower. (a) Observation tower; (b) view over the...Figure 4.70 Transect layout for Breeding Bird Survey. Birds are counted from...Figure 4.71 Goose droppings surveyed using a quadrat. To survey bird droppin...Figure 4.72 Mist net ting. (a) mist nets set; (b) greenfinch caught in net; ...Figure 4.73 Propelled nets. (a) Clap net set. (b) Clap net launched. The net...Figure 4.74 Marking birds. (a) Using a standard metal ring; (b) using colour...Figure 4.75 Use of colour rings. Here, 15 individual birds have been marked ...Figure 4.76 Deer becoming aware of the observer's presence.Figure 4.77 Images caught using camera trap s in tropical forest. (a) Tapir;...Figure 4.78 Small mammal tracking tunnel.Figure 4.79 Mammal dung used as an indicator of species presence. (a) Hyena ...Figure 4.80 Sampling mammal hair. (a) Badger hair and (b) sheep wool caught ...Figure 4.81 Bat detector s. (a) Range of detectors – two heterodyne detector...Figure 4.82 Triangle bat walks with frequency settings appropriate for UK ba...Figure 4.83 Small mammal traps. (a) Aluminium Longworth trap; (b) plastic Tr...Figure 4.84 Longworth trap for small to medium sized mammals.Figure 4.85 Poison bait dispenser. Used more in conservation work to remove ...Figure 4.86 Mole traps. (a) Classic scissor trap. (b) Talpex type trap (prof...Figure 4.87 Harp trap.Figure 4.88 Cage trap. (a) and (b) medium sized cage trap; (c) cage traps su...Figure 4.89 Badger trap. (a) Trap from front; (b) trap set in undergrowth.

      5 Chapter 5Figure 5.1 Transformations for skewed distributions. The block arrows indica...Figure 5.2 Truncation of percentage data.Figure 5.3 Bimodal distribution.Figure 5.4 Scatterplot of number of bird species found in urban parks with d...Figure 5.5 Pie diagram of the numbers of invertebrates of common orders foun...Figure 5.6 Stacked bar graph of the percentage composition of invertebrates ...Figure 5.7 Clustered bar graph of the number of invertebrates of common orde...Figure 5.8 The mean and standard deviation plotted on a data set that approx...Figure 5.9 Comparison of different ways of displaying the variation around t...Figure 5.10 Box and whisker plots indicating different ways of displaying me...Figure 5.11 Du Feu estimates plotted against number of animals caught. Popul...Figure 5.12 Using capture removal to estimate population sizes. The calculat...Figure 5.13 Comparison of the central tendency of two samples. (a) non‐overl...Figure 5.14 Summary of stages in using inferential statistics.Figure 5.15 Example of a scatterplot. Showing the hypothetical relationship ...Figure 5.16 Trends of invertebrate numbers with organic pollution.Figure 5.17 Regression line between the number of aphids found at different ...Figure 5.18 Examples of common non‐linear graph types in ecology. (a) ...Figure 5.19 A canonical variates analysis (CVA) of spiders across three mana...Figure 5.20 Types of cluster analysis.Figure 5.21 Dendrogram following cluster analysis of different habitat types Figure 5.22 TWINSPAN of quarry sites on the basis of their component plant s...Figure 5.23 Ordination of a number of quarry sites on the basis of their com...

      6 Chapter 6Figure 6.1 Two formats for research report presentation. Use informative hea...Figure 6.2 Study site in the Nordkette mountains, Austria, showing the steep...Figure 6.3 Presenting graphs. (a) Scatterplot; (b) bar chart. Note that in b...Figure 6.4 Examples of poster layouts. (a) Is a very uninspiring design for ...

      Guide

      1  Cover

      2 Table of Contents

      3  Begin Reading

      Pages

      1  v

      2  vi

      3  xiii

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      6  xvi