6 Part III: Nonconventional Desalination Systems 9 Renewable Energy and Desalination: Solar, Wind, Geothermal 9.1 Solar Energy 9.2 Calculation of Solar Radiation on Inclined Surface 9.3 Wind Energy 9.4 Geothermal Energy 9.5 Geothermal Well Performance 9.6 Advantages of Geothermal Energy References Questions and Problems 10 Hybrid Desalination System 10.1 Case I: Cogeneration–MSF–RO Hybrid Desalination Systems 10.2 Case II: Hybrid SEF–Geothermal Desalination System 10.3 Case III: Hybrid MEE–Solar Desalination System (Adapted from [4]) 10.4 Case IV: Hybrid MD–RO Desalination System (Adapted from [5]) 10.5 Case V: Hybrid Humidification–Dehumidification Desalination System [6] References Essay, Design, and Open‐Ended Problems
7 Appendix A: Appendix AThermo‐Physical Properties of SeawaterThermo‐Physical Properties of Seawater
8 Index
List of Tables
1 f04Table 1 Suggested desalination course plan (14 weeks).
2 Chapter 1Table 1.1 Energy requirement for main desalination systems.Table 1.2 Water classification based on salinity content.Table 1.3 Secondary drinking water regulation [5].Table 1.4 WHO standards for potable water [5].Table 1.5 Thermo‐physical properties of typical seawater at 40 000 ppm and 20...Table 1.6 Standard seawater composition at salinity equal to ≈35 000 ppm.
3 Chapter 2Table 2.1 Typical overall heat transfer coefficient in different types of eva...Table 2.2 Characteristics of MEE systems.
4 Chapter 3Table 3.1 Mathematical model assumptions.Table 3.2 Material of construction in MSF system.
5 Chapter 4Table 4.1 Construction materials of the MED–TVC plants.Table 4.2 Characteristics of thermal and mechanical desalination technologies...Table 4.3 Desalinated water calculation of 15 000 m3/d production plant.
6 Chapter 5Table 5.1 Characteristics of membrane types [1].Table 5.2 Desalination systems corresponding to driving force type.Table 5.3 Characteristics of membrane modules [3].Table 5.4 Osmotic pressure for typical feed solutions (25 °C) [4].Table 5.5 Alshegaya properties [6].Table 5.6 Specifications of nanofiltration and RO membranes [8].
7 Chapter 6Table 6.1 Maximum concentration for different desalination processes.Table 6.2 Typical operation parameters for electrodialysis.Table 6.3 Principel properties of ion‐exchange membranes.Table 6.4 Advantages and disadvantages of ED compared with RO and NF.
8 Chapter 7Table 7.1 MD configuration, advantages, disadvantages, and area of applicatio...Table 7.2 Surface tension and thermal conductivity values for selected hydrop...Table 7.3 Contact angle values of some membrane selected materials at ambient...Table 7.4a Different types of fouling observed in MD studies.Table 7.4b Examples of MD applications.
9 Chapter 8Table 8.1 Composition between forward osmosis and reverse osmosis.Table 8.2 Aqueous solution osmotic pressure (π DS), concentration (C DS), ...Table 8.3 Development and performance of commercial FO membranes (performance...Table 8.4 Advantages and disadvantages of PV process.Table 8.5 Four types of driving forces.Table 8.6 An overview of various membrane operations.
10 Chapter 9Table 9.1 Environmental impacts of burning fossil fuels.Table 9.2 Comparative costs (SEC) for common renewable desalination systems[4...Table 9.3 Selected desalination plants that are integrated with renewable ene...Table 9.4 Sun facts [6].Table 9.5 Comparison of CSP collecting technologies [9].Table 9.6 Wind power classification.Table 9.7 Tip speed ratio design considerations [14].Table 9.8 Selection of turbine size and weight configuration [14].Table 9.9 A typical modern 2 MW wind turbine specification [14].Table 9.10 Comparative of noise levels [16].Table 9.11 Results of chemical analysis of hot springs at Baransky Volcano (c...Table 9.12 Characteristics of geothermal power generation systems.Table 9.13 Emissions and freshwater usage for different energy sources.
11 Chapter 10Table 10.1 General features of MSF and RO [1,7,8].Table 10.2 Flat‐plate solar collector specifications.Table 10.3 Comparison of the designed system to the MEE‐solar plant.Table 10.4 Summary of hybrid MD/RO desalination system with brine recycle opt...Table 10.5 Comparison of HDH cycles [6].
List of Illustrations
1 Chapter 1Figure 1.1 Desalination processes based on separation type.Figure 1.2 Basic principles of desalination processes.Figure 1.3 Different desalination systems' capabilities based on feed salini...Figure 1.4 Specific energy consumption using different desalination technolo...Figure