rel="nofollow" href="#fb3_img_img_9a61e41a-449a-5af5-b3df-21259d10d400.png" alt="images"/>2) twin in zincFigure 11.11 Plan view of the (1
00) plane in graphite, showing the structur...Figure 11.12 The formation of a twin in graphite by a partial dislocation on...Figure 11.13 Shear and the geometry of deformation twinning: a vector
l3 par...Figure 11.14 (a) Twin lamella intersecting a surface AB. (b) Dislocation mod...Figure 11.15 Dislocation model of a thin twin lamellaFigure 11.16 Emissary dislocations. The dislocations shown by a single line ...Figure 11.17 Pole mechanism for the growth of a twinFigure 11.18 (a) Projection of 2 × 2 unit cells of pyrite projected onto (00...Figure 11.19 Structures for Type II twinning with stable twin modes for devi...
12 Chapter 12Figure 12.1 Scratched surface intersected by a martensite plate MM′Figure 12.2 The square lattice within the plate outlined in (a) is strained ...Figure 12.3 The three possible
〈211〉 vectors in a (111) planeFigure 12.4 (a) Unit cell of the b.c.c. lattice, drawn with (011) in the
x‐y...Figure 12.5 A section through a sphere of zirconium and the ellipsoid develo...Figure 12.6 Undistorted planes of the strain S′Figure 12.7 Rotation suffered by the undistorted planes of the strain S′Figure 12.8 Approximate crystallography of a plate of martensite in titanium...Figure 12.9 Schematic of a partly transformed In–Tl alloy single crystal. Th...Figure 12.10 The twin relationship of the lamellae shown in Figure 12.9Figure 12.11 Three parallel plates of martensite with alternating shear stra...Figure 12.12 The c.c.p. lattice with a b.c.t. cell picked out of it. (After ...Figure 12.13 Lattice parameters of austenite and martensite as a function of...Figure 12.14 Habit plane normals of martensite in various steels plotted on ...Figure 12.15 The (011) plane of a b.c.c. metal (a) before and (b) after a di...Figure 12.16 The one‐way shape memory effect. (a) a sample annealed in its a...Figure 12.17 The two‐way shape memory effect. (a) a sample annealed in its a...
13 Chapter 13Figure 13.1 The two alternative {10
0} surfaces of a hexagonal metal. The su...Figure 13.2 The four alternatives for a surface parallel to (0001) in wurtzi...Figure 13.3 Surface at a small angle
θ to a {111} plane of a c.c.p. met...Figure 13.4 A schematic of energy
E as a function of angle
θ away from ...Figure 13.5 Possible (1
0) section through the
γ‐plot of a c.c.p....Figure 13.6 A fine wire with a bamboo‐like grain structure to which a load
WFigure 13.7 Splitting of a crystal of width
w with a pre‐existing crack of l...Figure 13.8 Low‐angle symmetrical tilt boundary in a simple cubic lattice. T...Figure 13.9 Energy of a tilt boundary as a function of the tilt angle θ. Val...Figure 13.10 Schematic of a high‐angle tilt boundary of good fit between one...Figure 13.11 An asymmetrical tilt boundary where the misorientation across t...Figure 13.12 A low‐angle twist boundary in a simple cubic lattice. The bound...Figure 13.13 (a) Generation of grains 1 and 2 by opposite rotations of
θ/...Figure 13.14 Twist boundary of good fit in a simple cubic lattice. The bound...Figure 13.15 Part of the CSL produced from a c.c.p. lattice by a rotation of...Figure 13.16 Twin boundary in a monoclinic lattice. The boundary is normal t...Figure 13.17 Graphical representation of the total Burgers vector
B of the d...Figure 13.18 Maximum disorientation angles as a function of angle/axis descr...Figure 13.19 Grain boundary groove, seen in cross‐sectionFigure 13.20 A segment of an interface,
OE, held in equilibrium by forces
FxFigure 13.21 Two boundaries of the same twin joining at right angles to one ...Figure 13.22 The junction of the interfaces between three grains. Each inter...Figure 13.23 Twin boundary grooving, seen in cross‐sectionFigure 13.24 The
γ‐plot of Figure 13.5, showing the equilibrium s...Figure 13.25 Construction due to Herring [43]Figure 13.26 The same equilibrium shape as shown in Figure 13.24, arising fr...Figure 13.27 A surface that has reduced its energy by breaking up into facet...Figure 13.28 The instability of four interfaces meeting along a line through...Figure 13.29 (a) Truncated octahedron and (b) distorted truncated octahedron...Figure 13.30 The Weaire–Phelan foam structure. The individual cells within t...
14 Chapter 14Figure 14.1 A particle of a phase B situated at a grain boundary of the phas...Figure 14.2 Interface between two orthorhombic crystals. The interface is no...Figure 14.3 Energy of a boundary of the type shown in Figure 14.2, between t...Figure 14.4 Epitaxy of Ag deposited on (001) of NaCl: (a) observed orientati...Figure 14.5 Superposition of nets representing atoms in unrelaxed (110) b.c....Figure 14.6 A strained epitaxial layer in the (001) orientation. The in‐plan...Figure 14.7 The relaxed region with lateral dimension mh around a misfit dis...
15 Chapter 15Figure 15.1 The {111} pole figure of electrolytic copper rolled to 96.6% red...Figure 15.2 (a) Standard stereographic projection in the (110) orientation s...Figure 15.3 Spatial representation of the half‐maximum density of the ODF re...Figure 15.4 Definition of the orientation of a crystallite in rolled sheet b...
16 1Figure A1.1 The addition of two vectors, a and b, to produce a third resulta...Figure A1.2 The components ax, ay and az of a vector a referred to three axe...Figure A1.3 The vector product a × b = (|a||b| sin θ)
of two vectors Figure A1.4 The definition of the reciprocal lattice vector
a*: the directio...Figure A1.5 The plane (
hkl) in the real crystal making intercepts of
a/
h,
b/Figure A1.6 An anticlockwise rotation of
θ about
n carrying the point
x 17 2Figure A2.1 (a) Sphere of projection. (b) The angle between two planes is eq...Figure A2.2 Projections of poles on the surface of a sphere onto a flat piec...Figure A2.3 (a) Stereographic projection. (b) A small circle projects as a c...Figure A2.4 (a) Poles of a cubic crystal. (b) Stereogram of a cubic crystal...Figure A2.5 Construction of a small circle about the centre of the primitive...Figure A2.6 Rotation of the sphere of projection in Figure A2.5 by 90° about...Figure A2.7 Construction of a small circle about a pole within the primitive...Figure A2.8 Construction of a small circle about a pole on the primitiveFigure A2.9 To find the opposite of a given poleFigure A2.10 An alternative view of the construction in Figure A2.9 to show ...Figure A2.11 To find the pole of a great circleFigure A2.12 To find the angle between two polesFigure A2.13 (a) Projection of lines of latitude and longitude to make the W...Figure A2.14 (a) Stereographic projection of two poles
and
. (b) Rotation...Figure A2.15 To find the trace of a pole using the Wulff net.Figure A2.16 Rotation of poles about an axis B lying on the primitive.Figure A2.17 Rotation of poles about an inclined axis.Figure A2.18 Two‐surface analysisFigure A2.19 The fundamental projectional geometry of the stereographic proj...Figure A2.20 Geometry to show that any sphere inverts into a sphereFigure A2.21 Geometry to show that a stereographic projection is angle true...
18 4Figure A4.1 Relationship between the conventional hexagonal unit cell with c...Figure A4.2 Unit cells in the rhombohedral lattice. (a) Obverse setting of r...
19 6Figure A6.1 Illustration of the relationship between a pure shear and a simp...
Guide
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