Introduction to Mechanical Vibrations. Ronald J. Anderson

rel="nofollow" href="#fb3_img_img_fa10a397-1a88-5656-9a22-c92598571d8a.png" alt="images"/>. Gravity acts to pull the mass to the bottom of the semicircle while centripetal effects try to move it to the top. The single angular degree of freedom,

, is sufficient to describe the motion of the bead on the wire.

Figure 1.1 A bead on a wire.

      1.1.1 Formal Vector Approach using Newton's Laws

Using the formal vector approach, the first step in the kinematic analysis is to choose a coordinate system (i.e. a set of unit vectors) that is convenient for expressing the vectors that will be used. The coordinate system may be fixed or rotating with some known angular velocity. In this case, we will use the (, , ) system shown in Figure 1.1. This is a rotating system fixed in the wire so that and stay in the plane of the wire and is perpendicular to the plane. Furthermore, and remain horizontal and is always vertical. The angular velocity of the coordinate system is .

      We use the general approach to differentiating vectors, as follows, where can be a position vector, a velocity vector, an angular momentum vector, or any other vector.

(1.1)

      It is important to understand that the angular velocity vector, , is the absolute angular velocity of the coordinate system in which the vector, , is expressed. There is a danger that the rate of change of direction terms will be included twice if the angular velocity of the vector relative to the coordinate system in which it is measured is used instead.

      We start the kinematic analysis by locating a fixed point, in this case point , and writing an expression for the position vector that locates with respect to .

      (1.2)

      The absolute velocity of is

      (1.3)

      Then, using Equation 1.1 and recognizing that since is a fixed point and that since the radius of a semicircle is constant,

      (1.4)

      which can be simplified to

(1.5)

      The absolute acceleration of is then

      (1.6)

      which simplifies to

      (1.7)

Once an expression for the absolute acceleration has been found, the kinematic analysis is complete and we move on to drawing a Free Body Diagram (FBD). For this example, the FBD is shown in Figure 1.2.

Figure 1.2 Free Body Diagram of a bead on a wire.

Constraints are taken into account when showing the forces acting on the bead. The forces shown and the rationale behind them are:

        = the weight of the body acting vertically downward. This is the effect of gravity.

        = one component of the normal force that the wire transmits to the mass. Since is perpendicular to the plane of the wire, there can be a normal force in that direction.

        = the other component of the normal force. We let it have an unknown magnitude and align it with the radial direction since that direction is normal to the wire.

       Note that there is no friction force because the system is frictionless. If there were, we would need to show a friction force acting in the direction that is tangential to the wire.

      Once the FBD is complete, we can proceed to write Newton's Equations of Motion by simply summing forces in the positive coordinate directions and letting them equal the mass multiplied by the absolute acceleration in that direction. The result is three scalar equations as follows

(1.8)

(1.9)

(1.10) Скачать книгу