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2.7 Ageratum Species
2.7.1 Ethnopharmacological Properties and Phytochemistry
Ageratum conyzoides L. (Fam. – Asteraceae) is an annual, branched, height up to 1 m with hairy ovate leaves; is used as purgative, febrifuge, and to treat ulcers as well as cleaning and healing of wounds (Kerharo and Adam 1974), skin and mental problems, headaches and dyspnea (Durodola 1977). It is used as anti-asthmatic, antispasmodic, and hemostatic agent (Kokwaro 1976). The aerial parts are used to treat uterine troubles as well as pneumonia by rubbing on the chest of patients (Katsuri et al. 1973; Abbiw 1990), and leprosy in India (Katsuri et al. 1973). The A. conyzoides showed anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antidiarrheal, insecticidal, antitumor (Sharma and Sharma 1995; Moreira et al. 2007; Adebayo et al. 2010a; Acheampong et al. 2015), antioxidant, gastroprotective, and cytotoxic effects (Galati et al. 2001; Shirwaikar et al. 2003; Preeti et al. 2009; Adebayo et al. 2010b).
The hexane extract of A. conyzoides showed the presence of 5,6,7,8,3,4,5-heptamethoxyflavone; 5,6,7,8,3-pentamethoxy-4,5-methylenedioxyflavone and coumarin; 5,6,7,8,3-pentamethoxy-4,5-ethylenedioxyflavone; 5,6,7,8,3,4,5-heptamethoxyflavone, ageratochromene and 7-methoxy-2,2-dimethylchromene (Aalbersberg and Singh 1991; Moreira et al. 2007), methoxyflavones, 5,6,8,3′,4′,5′-hexamethoxyflavone and 8-hydroxy-5,6,7,3′,4′,5′-hexamethoxyflavone (González et al. 1991a; Dũng et al. 1989), 5,6,7,3′,4′,5′-hexamethoxyflavone, 5,6,7,8,3′,4′-hexamethoxyflavone, 5,6,7,8,3′,4′,5′-heptamethoxyflavone, 5,6,7,3′, 4′-pentamethoxyflavone, 5,6,7,3′-tetramethoxy-4′,5′-methylenedioxyflavone (Acheampong et al. 2017), ageratochromene, β-caryophyllene, demethoxyageratochromene (Sundufu and Shoushan 2004), (2S)-7,3′,4′-trimethoxyflavanone, (2S)-7-methoxy-3′,4′-methylenedioxyflavone, 5,6,7,8,5′-pentamethoxy-3′,4′-methylenedioxyflavone, 5,2′-dihydroxy-7-methoxyflavone, 2′-O-β-D-glucopyranoside and kaempferol-3-O-α-L-rhamnopyranoside (Munikishore et al. 2013), and 5,6,7,3′,4′,5-hexamethoxyflavone (Horie