You'll learn more about IAM in Chapter 6, “Authentication and Authorization—AWS Identity and Access Management.”
NAT Devices
Sometimes you'll need to configure an EC2 instance without a public IP address to limit its exposure to the network. Naturally, that means it won't have any Internet connectivity. But that can present a problem because you'll probably still need to give it Internet access so that it can receive security patches and software updates.
One solution is to use network address translation (NAT) to give your private instance access to the Internet without allowing access to it from the Internet. AWS gives you two ways to do that: a NAT instance and a NAT gateway (see Figure 2.2). They'll both do the job, but since a NAT gateway is a managed service, it doesn't require that you manually launch and maintain an instance. Both approaches will incur monthly charges.
FIGURE 2.2 A NAT gateway providing network access to resources in private subnets
NAT will be discussed at greater length in Chapter 4.
Key Pairs
As any professional administrator will know, remote login sessions on your running instances should never be initiated over unencrypted plain‐text connections. To ensure properly secured sessions, you'll need to generate a key pair, save the public key to your EC2 server, and save its private half to your local machine. If you're working with a Windows AMI, you'll use the private key file to retrieve the password you'll need to authenticate into your instance. For a Linux AMI, the private key will allow you to open an SSH session.
Each key pair that AWS generates for you will remain installed within its original region and available for use with newly launched instances until you delete it. You should delete the AWS copy in the event your public key is lost or exposed. Just be careful before you mess with your keys—your access to an instance might depend on it.
EC2 Auto Scaling
The EC2 Auto Scaling service offers a way to both avoid application failure and recover from it when it happens. Auto Scaling works by provisioning and starting on your behalf a specified number of EC2 instances. It can dynamically add more instances to keep up with increased demand. And when an instance fails or gets terminated, Auto Scaling will automatically replace it.
EC2 Auto Scaling uses either a launch configuration or a launch template to automatically configure the instances that it launches. Both perform the same basic function of defining the basic configuration parameters of the instance as well as what scripts (if any) run on it at launch time. Launch configurations have been around longer and are more familiar to you if you've been using AWS for a while. You're also more likely to encounter them if you're going into an existing AWS environment. Launch templates are newer and are what AWS now recommends. You'll learn about both, but which you use is up to you.
Launch Configurations
When you create an instance manually, you have to specify many configuration parameters, including an AMI, instance type, SSH key pair, security group, instance profile, block device mapping, whether it's EBS optimized, placement tenancy, and user data, such as custom scripts to install and configure your application. A launch configuration is essentially a named document that contains the same information you'd provide when manually provisioning an instance.
You can create a launch configuration from an existing EC2 instance. Auto Scaling will copy the settings from the instance for you, but you can customize them as needed. You can also create a launch configuration from scratch.
Launch configurations are for use only with EC2 Auto Scaling, meaning you can't manually launch an instance using a launch configuration. Also, once you create a launch configuration, you can't modify it. If you want to change any of the settings, you have to create an entirely new launch configuration.
Launch Templates
Launch templates are similar to launch configurations in that you can specify the same settings. But the uses for launch templates are more versatile. You can use a launch template with Auto Scaling, of course, but you can also use it for spinning up one‐off EC2 instances or even creating a spot fleet.
Launch templates are also versioned, allowing you to change them after creation. Any time you need to make changes to a launch template, you create a new version of it. AWS keeps all versions, and you can then flip back and forth between versions as needed. This makes it easier to track your launch template changes over time. Complete Exercise 2.5 to create your own launch template.
Create a Launch Template
In this exercise, you'll create a launch template that installs and configures a simple web server. You'll then use the launch template to manually create an instance.
1 In the EC2 Dashboard, click Launch Templates.
2 Click the Create Launch Template button.
3 Give the launch template a name such as MyTemplate.
4 Click the Search For AMI link to locate one of the Ubuntu Server LTS AMIs (make sure the AMI you choose uses the 64‐bit x86 architecture and not 64‐bit ARM).
5 For Instance Type, select t2.micro.
6 Under Security Groups, select a security group that allows inbound HTTP access. Create a new security group if necessary.
7 Expand the Advanced Details section and enter the following in the User Data field: #!/bin/bash apt-get update apt-get install -y apache2 echo "Welcome to my website"> index.html cp index.html /var/www/html
8 Click the Create Launch Template button.
9 Click the Launch Instance From This Template link.
10 Under Source Template Version, select 1 (Default).
11 Click the Launch Instance From Template button.
12 After the instance boots, browse to its public IP address. You should see a web page that says “Welcome to my website.”
13 Terminate the instance when you're done with it.
Auto Scaling Groups
An Auto Scaling group is a group of EC2 instances that Auto Scaling manages. When creating an Auto Scaling group, you must first specify either the launch configuration or launch template you created. When you create an Auto Scaling group, you must specify how many running instances you want Auto Scaling to provision and maintain using the launch configuration or template you created. You must specify the minimum and maximum size