57. Kroeger, Auszug aus der alten Heimat, 51.
58. Ibid., 50.
59. Himmler did in fact have to fight for this assignment: Hitler had first assigned it to VoMi, before Himmler managed to persuade him (Koehl, RKFDV, 49).
60. Rosenberg, Politisches Tagebuch, 80.
61. Minutes of departmental head meeting with Einsatzgruppe leaders under Heydrich on September 29, 1939, BArch R 58/825, 36–37. Partially reprinted in Pätzold, Verfolgung, Vertreibung, Vernichtung, 240.
62. Hitler to the Reichstag on October 6, 1939, quoted in Verhandlungen des Reichstages, 460: 51–63. On the speech’s contemporary reception, see Wildt, “Neue Ordnung,” 130.
63. Hitler to the Reichstag on October 6, 1939, quoted in Verhandlungen des Reichstages, 460: 56.
64. Wildt, “Neue Ordnung,” 133–34.
65. Hitler to the Reichstag on October 6, 1939, quoted in Verhandlungen des Reichstages, 460: 51–63, here 56.
66. Ibid., 61.
67. Lammers to Pfundtner, September 7, 1939, Special Archive at the State Military Archives of Russia, Moscow, 720–5/2793, 1; Schenk, Hitlers Mann, 138; Epstein, Model Nazi, 124–26; Umbreit, “Auf dem Weg,” 32–34; Rutherford, Prelude, 3; Rieß, Anfänge der Vernichtung, 244.
68. Umbreit, “Auf dem Weg,” 11.
69. Ibid., 36.
70. Hitler to the Reichstag on October 6, 1939, quoted in Verhandlungen des Reichstages, 460: 62. See also memo for State Secretary Pfundtner, October 7, 1939, BArch R 1501/5401, 41.
71. Goebbels’s diary entry for October 13, 1939, quoted in Alberti, Verfolgung und Vernichtung, 46.
72. Unsigned memo from Reich Interior Ministry on “responsibilities of the civil administration in the Polish territories,” October 2, 1939, BArch R 1501/5401, 24–29.
73. Ibid.
74. Madajczyk, Okkupationspolitik Nazideutschlands, 548–52 and 564–73; Majer, Fremdvölkische, 395–404; on the Main Trustee Office for the East, see especially Rosenkötter, Treuhandpolitik, 81–88.
75. Umbreit, “Auf dem Weg,” 39.
76. December 1, 1961, discussion between Dr. Hopf (of the German Federal Archives) and Ministerial Director Dr. Georg Hubrich, former head of the Reich Interior Ministry’s Subdepartment I East, German Federal Archives, Bayreuth Branch, Ost-Dok. 13/157, 2–19, on questions about territories annexed during the war. It was apparently in spring 1935, at Stuckart’s prompting, that Hubrich was brought into the Reich Interior Ministry, where he advanced in just a year to become group leader for the subject area of citizenship and race. Starting April 1, 1941, he became head of Subdepartment I East and acting head of Subdepartment I Sta R, Citizenship and Race, see Jasch, “Preußisches Kultusministerium.”
77. Report from Wilhelm Keppler, a state secretary at the Foreign Office, quoted in Volkmann, “Zwischen Ideologie und Pragmatismus,” 423. On the economic importance of this region, see Röhr, “Zur Rolle der Schwerindustrie,” 10; Röhr, “Zur Wirtschaftspolitik,” 223–24; Schwaneberg, “Economic Exploitation,” 87–89; Kaczmarek, “Zwischen Altreich und Besatzungsgebiet,” 348–49.
78. With its purpose achieved, the department was disbanded soon thereafter, see Haar, Historiker im Nationalsozialismus, 324.
79. Umbreit, “Auf dem Weg,” 33; also Schenk, Hitlers Mann, 138.
80. Haar, Historiker im Nationalsozialismus, 328.
81. Vollert, “Proposal for the territorial border of West Prussia,” undated (probably October 6, 1939), BArch R 1501/5401, 31–40.
82. On Schieder, see Aly, “Daß uns Blut zu Gold.”
83. Aubin to Brackmann, September 18, 1939, BArch R 153/291, unpaged. See also Burleigh, Germany Turns Eastwards, 147.
84. Ebbinghaus and Roth, “Vorläufer des Generalplans Ost”; Haar, Historiker im Nationalsozialismus, 330–32; Burleigh, Germany Turns Eastwards, 147–48.
85. Pappritz to Aubin, October 4, 1939, quoted in Ebbinghaus and Roth, “Vorläufer des Generalplans Ost,” 69.
86. This is also why Ingo Haar is mistaken in believing that Schieder’s planning scenario, because it envisaged large-scale deportations of certain local population segments and their replacement by ethnic Germans from Eastern Europe, “did not stand in the tradition of the Prussia’s Poland policy” (Haar, Historiker im Nationalsozialismus, 332). See also Ebbinghaus and Roth, “Vorläufer des Generalplans Ost,” 76.
87. Schieder position paper, undated (probably October 7, 1939), BArch R 153/291, unpaged (emphasis in original). On the October 7 dating, see Ebbinghaus and Roth, “Vorläufer des Generalplans Ost,” 70.
88. Note on message to Aubin drafted on October 7, 1939, quoted in Ebbinghaus and Roth, “Vorläufer des Generalplans Ost,” 92.
89. Hitler’s decree on the subdivision and administration of the eastern territories, October 8, 1939, reprinted in Pospieszalski, Hitlerowskie “prawo” okupacyjne, 84–88. In line with the earlier Prussian names, the two provinces were initially called West Prussia and Posen; only later were they renamed Danzig–West Prussia and the Wartheland, see Reichsgesetzblatt Teil I (1940), 251.
90. The city’s name was Łódź before the German invasion and after liberation; Lodsch from September 1939 to March 1940; Litzmannstadt as of April 1940. On the annexation of Łódź, and for more precise details on the Wartheland’s territorial extent and its administrative structure in general, see Marczewski, Hitlerowska koncepcja, 112–16. The German ideological claim to Łódź was further justified by archaeological finds that allegedly indicated an early Germanic settlement; see Furber, “Near as Far,” 557.
91. Decree on the strengthening of Germandom, signed by Hitler, Göring, Lammers, and Keitel, October 7, 1939, BArch R 43 II/1412, 575–77. Reprinted in Pospieszalski, Hitlerowskie “prawo” okupacyjne, 176–78; and Moll, Führer-Erlasse, 100–102. As Philip Morgan rightly notes, assignments like Himmler’s were “a good example of standard fascist practice: creating ‘shadow’ fascist bodies” with powers that were inadequately separated from those of the state administration, and which began competing with the latter (Morgan, Fascism in Europe, 133–38).
92. Quoted in Jäckel, Hitlers Herrschaft, 34. Hitler had already become open to relinquishing South Tyrol by late 1922, as reflected in an article in the Münchner Post on his speech of November 11, in which he also abandoned its German populace (Jäckel and Kuhn, Hitler, 728). See also Gottfried Feder’s officially approved commentary on the Nazi Party program, in which the party platform’s first point, namely, the demand to unify all “Germans” into a “Greater Germany,” also listed South Tyrol alongside the Sudetenland and Austria—but only until 1928. In the fifth edition, published in 1929, South Tyrol was no longer mentioned (Broszat, National-Sozialismus, 32–33). The clearest rejection of the claim to South Tyrol, with lengthy argumentation, is ultimately found in Hitler, Hitlers Zweites Buch, 189–215.
93. Aly, Endlösung, 64. On South Tyrol, see Stuhlpfarrer, Umsiedlung Südtirol, 1: 30–86.
94. August, “Entwicklung des Arbeitsmarkts,” 306–8.
95. Tooze, Wages of Destruction, 291.
96. SS Senior Assault Unit Leader Rudolf Creutz to HSSPF Hildebrandt, March 1, 1940, archived in BArch BDCSSO file on Rudolf Creutz; thanks to Götz Aly for this document. See also undated presentation by Greifelt (probably January 1939), Bavarian State Archives,