3The term’s artistic and architectural usages also intersect with its literary meanings; however, I am primarily concerned with the historical and political contours of the Gothic. For more on eighteenth-century Gothic art and architecture see Samuel Kliger, ‘Whig aesthetics: a phase of eighteenth-century taste’, ELH, 16 (1949), 135–50.
4 Goddu, Gothic America, p. 3.
5Robert Miles, ‘“Tranced Griefs”: Melville’s Pierre and the origins of the Gothic’, ELH, 66, 1 (1999), 157–77 (158).
6Edward J. Ingebretsen, At Stake: Monsters and the Rhetoric of Fear in Public Culture (Chicago: Chicago University Press, 2001), p. 21; Leslie Fiedler, Love and Death in the American Novel (2nd edn; New York: Dell, 1966), p. 9.
7Justin D. Edwards, Gothic Passages: Racial Ambiguity and the American Gothic (Iowa City: University of Iowa Press, 2003), p. xvii.
8Fiedler, Love and Death, p. 149.
9Ibid., pp. xi, xxiii (original emphasis).
10Ibid., p. 6; Irving Malin, New American Gothic (Illinois: Southern Illinois University Press, 1962), p. 5.
11Eric Savoy, ‘The rise of American Gothic’, in Jerrold E. Hogle (ed.), The Cambridge Companion to Gothic Fiction (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002), pp. 167–88 (p. 168).
12Robert K. Martin and Eric Savoy (eds), American Gothic: New Interventions in a National Narrative (Iowa City: University of Iowa Press, 1988), p. viii.
13Lionel Trilling, Beyond Culture: Essays on Literature and Learning (Middlesex: Penguin, 1963), p. 19; Chester E. Eisinger, Fiction of the Forties (Chicago: Chicago University Press, 1963), p. 9.
14Russell J. Reising, The Unusable Past: Theory and the Study of American Literature (New York: Methuen, 1986), p. 95.
15Ibid., p. 97; Philip Rahv, ‘Fiction and the criticism of fiction’, Kenyon Review, 18 (1956), 276–99 (280).
16Eisinger, Fiction of the Forties, pp. 96, 97, 86.
17Philip Rahv, ‘Our country and our culture’, Partisan Review, 19 (1952), 283–326 (304).
18 Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr., The Vital Center: The Politics of Freedom (Cambridge, Mass.: Riverside Press, 1949), p. 245.
19Richard Chase, The American Novel and its Tradition (London: G. Bell and Sons, 1957), p. 1.
20Ibid., pp. 2, 22.
21Goddu, Gothic America, p. 7.
22Chase, The American Novel, p. 37
23Ibid., pp. 30, 36.
24Malin, New American Gothic, p. 5.
25Ihab Hassan, Radical Innocence: Studies in the Contemporary American Novel (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1961), p. 31
26David Suchoff, ‘New historicism and containment: towards a post-cold war cultural theory’, Arizona Quarterly, 48 (1992), 137–61 (142).
27Irving Howe, ‘This age of conformity’, in Philip Rahv and William Phillips (eds), The Partisan Review Anthology (1954; London: Macmillan,1962), pp. 145–64 (p. 151).
28Sacvan Bercovitch, The Rites of Assent: Transformations in the Symbolic Construction of America (New York: Routledge, 1993), pp. 10, 11.
29Pierre Bourdieu, In Other Words: Essays Towards a Reflective Sociology (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1990), p. 190.
30Joyce Appleby, ‘Republicanism and ideology’, American Quarterly, 37, 4 (1985), 461–73 (463).
31Fred Botting, ‘In Gothic darkly: heterotopia, history, culture’, in David Punter (ed.), A Companion to the Gothic (Oxford: Blackwell, 2000), pp. 3–14 (p. 3).
32Robert A. Ferguson, Reading the Early Republic (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2004), p. 54.
33Cathy N. Davidson, Revolution and the Word: The Rise of the Novel in America (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004), p. 312.
34Ibid., p. 314.
35Moses Coit Tyler, The Literary History of the American Revolution, 1763–1783 (New York: n. p., 1897), pp. 8–9.
36Savoy, ‘The rise of American Gothic’, p. 167.
37Fiedler, Love and Death, p. 131.
38 Punter, Literature of Terror, p. 165.
39Quoted in Robert Lawson-Peebles, American Literature before 1880 (Harlow, England: Pearson Longman, 2003), pp. 18, 19.
40J. G. A. Pocock, The Machiavellian Moment: Florentine Republican Thought and the Atlantic Republican Tradition (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1975), p. 545.
41J. G. A. Pocock, ‘Between Gog and Magog: the republican thesis and the ideologia Americana’, Journal of the History of Ideas, 48, 2 (1987), 325–46 (334).
42Fiedler, Love and Death, p. 131.
43Botting, Gothic, p. 114.
44Charles Brockden Brown, Edgar Huntly, Or Memoirs of a Sleep-Walker (New York: Penguin, 1988), p. 3.
45Clinton Rossiter, ‘Nationalism and American identity in the early republic’, in Sean Wilentz (ed.), Major Problems in the Early Republic: 1787–1848 (Lexington: D. C. Heath, 1992), pp. 14–23 (pp. 14–15).
46J. Hector St Jean de Crèvecoeur, Letters from an American Farmer, in Nina Baym et al. (eds), Norton Anthology of American Literature, Vol. 1 (4th edn; New York: W. W. Norton, 1994), pp. 657–81 (pp. 659, 660).
47William L. Hedges, ‘The myth of the republic and the theory of American literature’, Prospects, 4 (1974), 101–20 (110).
48Michael Warner, The Letters of the Republic: Publication and the Public Sphere in Eighteenth-Century America (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1990), p. 119.
49Quoted in Charles Brockden Brown, Wieland, ed. Jay Fliegelman (New York: Penguin, 1991), p. xxvi.
50Warner, Letters of the Republic, p. 120.
51Chris Baldick and Robert Mighall, ‘Gothic criticism’, in David Punter (ed.), A Companion to the Gothic (Oxford: Blackwell, 2000), pp. 209–28 (pp. 216, 215, 218). For psychological readings of the Gothic, see Anne Williams, Art of Darkness: A Poetics of Gothic (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1995); William Patrick Day, In the Circles of Fear and Desire: A Study of Gothic Fantasy (Chicago: Chicago University Press, 1985); Carol Ann Howells, Love, Mystery and Misery: Feeling in Gothic Fiction (London: Athlone Press, 1975).
52Baldick and Mighall, ‘Gothic criticism’, pp. 213, 214, 215, 226.
53Marilyn Butler, ‘Introduction’, in Marilyn Butler (ed.), Burke, Paine, Godwin, and the Revolution Controversy (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1984), p. 3.
54Horace Walpole, The Castle of Otranto (London: Oxford University Press, 1982), pp. 7, 12.
55Caroline Robbins, ‘The strenuous Whig: Thomas Hollis of Lincoln’s Inn’, William and Mary Quarterly, 7, 3 (1950), 406–53 (409).
56Miles, ‘“Tranced Griefs”’, 158.
57J. G. A. Pocock, ‘Gibbon’s decline and fall and the world view of the late