And now if it be asked: which of these two orders of universality is intended by the title catholic, as applied to the Christian Church, the answer is at once sufficiently plain. It is that which is expressed by the word whole (a term that comes indeed etymologically from the same root34), and not that whose meaning lies more fitly in the word all. A man may say “I believe in a holy universal Church,” when his meaning comes merely to this at last, that he puts all Christians together in his own mind, and is willing then to acknowledge them under this collective title. The universality thus reached, however, is only an abstraction and, as such, falls short altogether of the living concrete mystery which is set before us as an object, not of reflection simply, but of divine supernatural faith, in the old ecumenical symbols. The true universality of Christ’s kingdom is organic and concrete. It has a real historical existence in the world in and through the parts of which it is composed; while yet it is not in any way the sum simply or result of these, as though they could have a separate existence beyond and before such general fact; but rather it must be regarded as going before them in the order of actual being, as underlying them at every point and as comprehending them always in its more ample range. It is the whole, in virtue of which only the parts entering into its constitution can have any real subsistence as parts, whether taken collectively or single. Such, undoubtedly, is the sense of the ancient formula, “I believe in the holy catholic church,” as it meets us in the faith of the early christian world.
But the idea of wholeness is variously determined of course by the nature of the object to which it may be applied. We can speak of a whole forest, a whole continent, or a whole planet; of a whole species, or of animated nature as a whole; of a whole man, a whole nation, a whole generation, or a whole human world. What now is the whole, in reference to which attribute of the Church here under consideration is affirmed, as a necessary article of christian faith?
The only proper answer to this question is that the attribute refers to the idea of universal humanity, or of this world as a whole. When christianity is declared to be catholic, the declaration must be taken in its full sense to affirm, that the last idea of this world as brought to its completion in man is made perfectly possible in the form of christianity, and in this form alone, and that this power therefore can never cease to work until it shall have actually taken possession of the world as a whole, and shall thus stand openly and clearly revealed as the true consummation of its nature and history in every other view.
The universalness here affirmed must be taken to extend in the end, of course, over the limits of man’s nature abstractly considered, to the physical constitution of the surrounding world (according to Rom. viii, 19–23; 2 Peter iii, 13, and many other passages in the Bible); for the physical and moral are so bound together as a single whole in the organization of man’s life, that the true and full redemption of this last would seem to require a real παλιγγενεσίᾳ or renovation35 also of the earth in its natural form. The proper wholeness even of nature itself, ideally considered, lies ultimately in the power of christianity, and can be brought to pass or made actual only by its means. But it is more immediately and directly with the world of humanity as such that this power is concerned, and such reference is to be acknowledged too, no doubt, as mainly predominant in the ecclesiastical use of the title which we have now in hand. Christianity is catholic, and claims to be so received by an act of faith, inasmuch as it forms the true and proper wholeness of mankind, the round and full symmetrical cosmos of humanity, within which only its individual manifestations can ever become complete, and on the outside of which there is no room to think of man’s life except as a failure.
There are two ways of looking at the human world, under the conception its totality. The view may regard simply the area of the world’s life outwardly considered, humanity in its numerical extent, as made up of a certain number of nations, tribes and individual men; or it may be directed more particularly to the world’s life inwardly considered, humanity in its intensive character, the being of man as a living fact or constitution made up of certain elements, laws, forces and relations, which enter necessarily into its conception aside from the particular millions of living men as such by which it may be represented at any given time. These two conceptions are plainly different; while it is equally plain, at the same time, that neither of them may be allowed with any propriety to exclude the other, but that the true and real wholeness of humanity is to be found only in the union of both. Christianity or the Kingdom of God is catholic, as it carries in itself the power to take possession of the world both extensively and intensively, and can never rest short of this end. It is formed for such two-fold victory over the reign of sin, and has a mission from heaven accordingly to conquer the universe of man’s life in this whole and entire way.
Here precisely lies the missionary nature and character of the Church. It has a call to possess the world, and it is urged continually by its own constitution to fulfil this call. The spirit of missions, wherever it prevails, bears testimony to the catholicity of christianity, and rests on the assumption that it is the only absolutely true and normal form of man’s life, and so of right should, and of necessity also at last must, come to be universally acknowledged and obeyed.
As regards the numerical view of the world, or its evangelization in extenso, this is generally admitted. All christians are ready to allow, that the world in this view belongs of right to Christ, and that it is his purpose and plan to take possession of it universally in the end as his own. The commission, “Go ye into all the world and preach the gospel to every creature,”36 at once makes it a duty to seek the extension of the gospel among all men, and authorizes the confident expectation that this extension will finally be reached. The world needs christianity, and it can never rest satisfied to be anything less than a full complement for this need. It has regard by its very nature, not to any section of humanity only, not to any particular nation or age or race, but to humanity as such, to the universal idea of man, as this includes all kindreds, tribes, and tongues under the whole heaven. “The field is the world.”37 Christianity can tolerate no Heathenism, Mohammedanism, or Judaism at its side. It may not forego its right to the poorest or most outcast and degraded tribe upon the earth, in favor of any other religion. Wherever human life reaches, it claims the right of following it and embracing it in the way of redemption. The heathen are given to the Son for his inheritance, and the uttermost parts of the earth for his possession. It is a sound and right feeling thus which enters into the cause of missions in its ordinary form, and leads the church to pray and put forth action in various ways for the conversion of the nations.
But it is not always so clearly seen, that the intensive mastery of the world’s life belongs just as truly as this extensive work to the idea of the kingdom of God, and that it ought to be therefore just as much also an object of