I am particularly grateful to Tommie Sue Montgomery, Rubén Zamora, María Ester del Pilar Chamorro de Zamora, Salvador Sanabria, Alberto Arene, Francesca Jessup, David Holiday, Loly de Zuniga, Roberto Cañas, Graciela Villamariona, Gloria Pacas, Damian Alegria, Francisco Altschul, and Melinda Altschul for their assistance with various aspects of my research while in El Salvador. I would like to thank Michael Allison, John Booth, Héctor Lindo-Fuentes, Tommie Sue Montgomery, Scott Palmer, Bill Stanley, and an anonymous reviewer for their comments on all or parts of the draft manuscript. Their insights and suggestions were enormously helpful. Any errors are mine. I am especially thankful to Gillian Berchowitz and the editorial team at Ohio University Press for their support throughout this project. I also wish to acknowledge my student research assistants, David Hosey, Maureen Sentman, and Brittany Weaver, who assisted me with various parts of the manuscript preparation over the years. I also owe a debt of thanks to my long-suffering friends and colleagues who supported me on this project, including Melissa Deckman, Kathryn Moncrief, Andrew Oros, Daniel Premo, and John Taylor. I am indebted to my parents, who encouraged my interests and supported my research even though I know my far-flung adventures often scared them. Finally, my husband, Gregory Waddell, has been an endless well of love and support. Thank you, Greg, for always believing in me.
Abbreviations
| ABC | American Baptist Churches |
| ABECAFE | Association of Coffee Processors and Exporters (Asociación Salvadoreña de Beneficiadores y Exportadores del Café) |
| ADC | Democratic Peasant Alliance (Alianza Democrática Campesina) |
| AFP | pension fund administrator (Administradora de Fondos de Pensiones) |
| AMPES | Association of Medium and Small Businesses (Asociación de Medianos y Pequeños Empresarios de El Salvador) |
| ANDA | National Administration of Aqueducts and Sewers (Administración Nacional de Acueductos y Alcantarillados) |
| ANDES | National Association of Salvadoran Educators (Asociación Nacional de Educadores Salvadoreños) |
| ANEP | National Association of Private Enterprise (Asociación Nacional de la Empresa Privada) |
| ANSP | National Academy for Public Security (Academia Nacional de Seguridad Pública) |
| ANTEL | National Telecommunications Company (Administración Nacional de Telecomunicaciones) |
| APROAS | Association of Salvadoran Agricultural Producers (Asociación de Productores Agricolas) |
| ARENA | Nationalist Republican Alliance (Alianza Republicana Nacionalista) |
| ASCAFE | Salvadoran Coffee Association (Asociación Salvadoreña de Café) |
| ASIC | Association of Friends of San Isidro Cabañas (Asociación Amigos de San Isidro Cabañas) |
| ATCA | U.S. Alien Tort Claims Act |
| BANAFI | National Industrial Development Bank (Banco Nacional de Fomento Industrial) |
| BIRI | Rapid-Deployment Infantry Battalion (Batallón Infantería Reacción Inmediata) |
| BPR | Popular Revolutionary Bloc (Bloque Popular Revolucionario) |
| BPS | Popular Social Bloc (Bloque Popular Social) |
| CAC | Cabañas Environmental Committee (Comité Ambiental de Cabañas) |
| CACIF | Coordinating Committee of Agricultural, Commercial, Industrial, and Financial Associations (Comité Coordinador de Asociaciones Agrícolas, Comerciales, Industriales y Financieras) (Guatemala) |
| CACM | Central American Common Market |
| CAFTA | Central America Free Trade Agreement |
| CAFTA-DR | Dominican Republic–Central America Free Trade Agreement |
| CARECEN | Central American Resource Center (Centro de Recursos Centroamericanos) |
| CCE | Central Election Council (Consejo Central de Elecciones) |
| CD | Democratic Convergence (Convergencia Democrática) |
| CDU | United Democratic Center (Centro Democrático Unido) |
| CEB | Christian base communities (comunidades eclesiales de base) |
| CEL | Executive Hydroelectric Commission of the Lempa River (Comisión Ejecutiva Hidroeléctrica del Río Lempa) |
| CELAM II | Second Latin American Episcopal Conference (Consejo Episcopal Latinoamericano) |
| CN | National Coalition (Concertación Nacional) |
| CND | National Development Commission (Comisión Nacional de Desarrollo) |
| COENA | National Executive Council (Consejo Ejecutivo Nacional) |
| COMURES | Corporation of Municipalities of the Republic of El Salvador (Corporación de Municipalidades de la República de El Salvador) |
| CONASOL | Committee for National Solidarity (Comité Nacional Solidario) |
| COPAZ | National Commission for the Consolidation of Peace (Comisión Nacional para la Consolidación de la Paz) |
| CORSAIN | Salvadoran Investment Corporation (Corporación Salvadoreña de Inversiones) |
| CREDISA | Property Loans, SA (Crédito Inmobiliario Sociedad Anónima) |
| CRIPDES | Association for the Development of El Salvador (Asociación de Comunidades Rurales para el Desarrollo de El Salvador) |
| CSJ | Supreme Court of Justice (Corte Suprema de Justicia) |
| DGACE | Directorate General of Attention for the Community Abroad (Dirección General De Atención a las Comunidades en el Exterior) |
| DRU | United Revolutionary Directorate (Directorio Revolucionario Unido) |
| DUI | universal identification card (documento único de identidad) |
| ENADE | National Meeting of Private Enterprise (Encuentro Nacional de la Empresa Privada) |
| ERP | People’s Revolutionary Army (Ejército Revolucionario del Pueblo) |
| FAES | Armed Forces of El Salvador (Fuerza Armada de El Salvador) |
| FAL | Armed Forces of Liberation (Fuerzas Armadas de Liberación) |
| FALANGE | Anticommunist Armed Forces of Liberation by Wars of Elimination (Fuerzas Armadas de Liberación Anticomunista de Guerras de Eliminación) |
| FAN | Broad Nationalist Front (Frente Amplio Nacional) |
| FAPU | United Popular Action Front (Frente de Acción Popular Unificada) |
| FARN | Armed Forces of National Resistance (Fuerzas Armadas de Resistencia Nacional) |
| FDR | Democratic Revolutionary Front (Frente Democrático Revolucionario) |
| FECCAS | Christian Federation of Salvadoran Campesinos (Federación Cristiana de Campesinos Salvadoreños) |
| FENASTRAS | National Trade Union Federation of Salvadoran Workers (Federación Nacional Sindical de Trabajadores Salvadoreños) |
| FESAL | National Family Health Survey (Encuesta Nacional de Salud Familiar) |
| FESPAD | Foundation for the Study of the Application of Law (Fundación de Estudios para la Aplicación del Derecho) |
| FGR | Public Prosecutor’s Office (Fiscalía General de la República) |
| FISDL | Social Investment Fund for Local Development (Fondo Inversión Social para el Desarrollo Local) |
| FLACSO | Latin American School of Social Sciences (Facultad Latinoamericana de Ciencias Sociales) |
| FMLN | Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front (Frente Farabundo Martí para la Liberación Nacional) |
| Foro | Forum for Economic and Social Consultation (Foro de Concertación Económica y Social) |
| FOSALUD | Fund for Health Solidarity (Fondo Solidario para la Salud) |
| FPL | Popular Forces of Liberation (Fuerzas Populares de Liberación) |
| FUNDE | National Foundation for Development (Fundación Nacional para el Desarrollo) |
| FUSADES | Salvadoran Foundation for Economic and Social Development (Fundación Salvadoreña para el Desarrollo Económico y Social) |
| GANA | Grand Alliance for National Unity (Gran Alianza Nacional) |
| GDR | Democratic Revolutionary Government (Gobierno Democrático Revolucionario) |
| GOES | government
|