Captured Peace
Ohio University Research in International Studies
This series of publications on Africa, Latin America, Southeast Asia, and Global and Comparative Studies is designed to present significant research, translation, and opinion to area specialists and to a wide community of persons interested in world affairs. The editors seek manuscripts of quality on any subject and can usually make a decision regarding publication within three months of receipt of the original work. Production methods generally permit a work to appear within one year of acceptance. The editors work closely with authors to produce high-quality books. The series is distributed worldwide. For more information, consult the Ohio University Press website, ohioswallow.com.
Books in the Ohio University Research in International Studies series are published by Ohio University Press in association with the Center for International Studies. The views expressed in individual volumes are those of the authors and should not be considered to represent the policies or beliefs of the Center for International Studies, Ohio University Press, or Ohio University.
Captured Peace
Elites and Peacebuilding in El Salvador
Christine J. Wade
Ohio University Press
Research in International Studies
Latin America Series No. 52
Athens, Ohio
© 2016 by the
Center for International Studies
Ohio University
All rights reserved
To obtain permission to quote, reprint, or otherwise reproduce or distribute material from Ohio University Press publications, please contact our rights and permissions department at (740) 593-1154 or (740) 593-4536 (fax).
Printed in the United States of America
The books in the Ohio University Research in International Studies Series are printed on acid-free paper ∞ ™
26 25 24 23 22 21 20 19 18 17 16 5 4 3 2 1
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Names: Wade, Christine J.
Title: Captured peace : elites and peacebuilding in El Salvador / Christine J. Wade.
Description: Athens, Ohio : Ohio University Press, 2016. | Series: Ohio University research in international studies ; no. 52 | Includes bibliographical references and index.
Identifiers: LCCN 2015038304| ISBN 9780896802971 (hardcover : acid-free paper) | ISBN 9780896802988 (paperback : acid-free paper) | ISBN 9780896804913 (PDF)
Subjects: LCSH: El Salvador—Politics and government—1992– | Elite (Social sciences)—Political activity—El Salvador—History. | Peace-building—Social aspects—El Salvador—History. | Social control—El Salvador—History. | Political violence—El Salvador—History. | Violence—Economic aspects—El Salvador—History. | Alianza Republicana Nacionalista (El Salvador) | Political parties—El Salvador—History. | Political participation—El Salvador—History. | BISAC: POLITICAL SCIENCE / General. | SOCIAL SCIENCE / General. | POLITICAL SCIENCE / Peace.
Classification: LCC F1488.5 .W33 2016 | DDC 972.8405/3—dc23
LC record available at http://lccn.loc.gov/2015038304
For Greg
Contents
Introduction: Peacebuilding, Elites, and the Problem of Capture
1. Elites and the Salvadoran State
3. Electoral Politics in the Postwar Era: Parties, Polarization, and Participation
4. El Salvador in the Neoliberal Era
5. The Politics of Exclusion: Migration, Crime, and Society in the Postwar Era
6. Reclaiming the Captured Peace
Illustrations
Figures
4.1 Remittances and poverty rates, 1991–2013
4.2 Corruption perception index (CPI) scores, 1998–2011
Tables
2.1 Phases of the ONUSAL mission, 1991–95
3.1 Evolution of the polarization of ARENA and the FMLN in the Legislative Assembly
3.2 Selected results for legislative elections by number of deputies, 1994–2015
3.3 Selected results for municipal elections by number of municipalities, 1994–2015
4.1 Key reforms implemented by the Cristiani and Calderón Sol administrations
4.2 Growth of gross domestic product, 1989–98
4.3 Economic growth by sector, 1994–2000
4.4 Trade deficit, 1995–2000
4.5 Prioritization of problems by department
4.6 Top three development proposals by department
4.7 Growth of gross domestic product, 1999–2007
4.8 Annual remittances, 1991–2000
4.9 Selected tax source revenues, 1995–2011
4.10 Annual remittances, 2000–2009
4.11 Growth of gross domestic product, 2008–13
4.12 Annual remittances, 2010–14
5.1 Deportations of Salvadorans from the United States, 1999–2013
5.2 Homicides, 1994–2014
Acknowledgments
This book is based on field research conducted during visits to El Salvador