4.3. The Bairro da Munhuana, 1987
4.4. Samora Machel, Mozambique’s first president, Maputo, 1980
4.5. Sebastião Chitombe at his home, 2017
4.6. A broken sewage line at an apartment block in the City of Cement, 1989
4.7. Families evicted from their homes, 1994
4.8. In the City of Cement, 2002
5.1. A debate on household plot size during the parceling of Maxaquene, 1978
5.2. Maxaquene, as the project began, 1977
5.3. The urbanization commission meets with planners Pinsky and Sävfors
5.4. A neighborhood meeting to discuss the progress of the project
5.5. Residents of Maxaquene insisted that the new access roads be straight
5.6. Building a model house
5.7. “Now we are urbanizado”
5.8. A 2018 satellite image showing parts of Maxaquene and Polana Caniço
5.9. The making of a new city block in Maxaquene
5.10. People in Maxaquene demanded ready access to water
5.11. Polana Caniço and the Polana Golf Club, 2018
5.12. Maxaquene, 1978–79
C.1. Graça Ferreira builds her house, Matola, 2011
C.2. Castigo Guambe, with the blocks he fabricates and sells, Chamanculo, 2011
C.3. The City of Cement, 2017
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Even if I were gifted with perfect recall, the following would remain an abridged account of all those who have helped produce this book. A list of the people I interviewed, who generously shared their stories, their personal archives, and their mornings with me, appears at the beginning of the Sources section. If academic conventions were other than what they are, that list would appear right here.
This project would not have been possible without the support of the University of British Columbia’s Department of History, the UBC Hampton Fund, the Fundação Calouste Gulbenkian, the Fundação Luso-Americana, the University of Minnesota Office of International Programs, a Mellon Scholar Fellowship administered by the University of Minnesota’s Interdisciplinary Center for the Study of Global Change, and a Fulbright Program grant sponsored by the Bureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs of the US Department of State. A predoctoral fellowship at the Carter G. Woodson Institute for African-American and African Studies at the University of Virginia, led by Deborah McDowell, allowed me two years to write an earlier iteration of this book in excellent company.
I have been in excellent company throughout, actually: in Chamanculo and among colleagues at the University of British Columbia, the University of Minnesota, the Center for African Studies at the Universidade Eduardo Mondlane (led by Carlos Arnaldo), and the Centre for Humanities Research at the University of the Western Cape (led by Premesh Lalu). In Mozambique, Padre Humberto Kuijpers of the Igreja de São Joaquim da Munhuana and Bento Sitoe of the Universidade Eduardo Mondlane kindly put me in touch with several of the people I interviewed. In Portugal, Miguel Vaz of the Fundação Luso-Americana and Paulo Batista of the Associação Cultural e Recreativa dos Naturais e Ex-residentes de Moçambique connected me with Portuguese who had lived in Mozambique before and after independence. It was a great pleasure to explore Chamanculo’s history with Januário “Hytho” Chitombe, my research assistant for most of this project. I am also grateful to Andrade Filipe Muhale and Gil Chirindza, research assistants in early 2011, for their help in getting the interviewing project off the ground. Manuel Macandza facilitated and took part in conversations I had in 2008 with residents of Hulene B and Xipamanine. Chapane Mutiua and Hélio Maúngue transcribed many of the interviews. Ernesto Dimande and Crisófia Langa translated several interviews from the original Changana and Ronga, as well as several articles from the Ronga-language pages of O Brado Africano. Jake Harms and Eusébio Xerinda provided additional research help. Michael Taber compiled the index. Thank you all.
Due to a lack of available information, I unfortunately could not identify the photographers of all the archival images I used in this book, but if I learn more I will provide more complete attributions on the book’s Ohio University Press web page.
Alejandra Bronfman, Noëleen Murray, Jeanne Penvenne, Betty Banks, Ben Machava, Colin Darch, Paul Jenkins, and Anne Pitcher offered sharp commentary on some or all of the final manuscript. I have been bouncing my findings off Zachary Kagan Guthrie almost since I started finding them. Jason Cherkis, with his keen storytelling skills, worked hard to help me invigorate the prose, and I also received key editing help from Glenn Dixon, Cody Rocko, and Paul Morton. Cody Rocko put all the images into beautiful shape, revealing many hidden things in the process. The manuscript’s anonymous reviewers and the editors and production staff at Ohio University Press, led by Gillian Berchowitz, Nancy Basmajian, and Beth Pratt, have helped make the material sing. Allen Isaacman and Helena Pohlandt-McCormick supervised the thesis that became the book; I am tremendously indebted to them for the guidance they have offered me over the years. It has been my great privilege to explore Mozambique’s past with Allen, il miglior storico.
Um abraço enorme for Luciana Justiniani Hees, a unique creative talent, for being an important part of many aspects of this project and for helping me understand what I was seeing.
In Vancouver, Alejandra Bronfman, Bill French, Heidi Tworek, John Chistopoulos, Eagle Glassheim, Tina Loo, Michael Lanthier, Nicolas Kenny, Tatiana van Riemsdijk, Brad Miller, and especially Roxanne Panchasi have been vital sources of personal and intellectual support. Nikolai Brandes, Gabriella Carolini, Euclides Gonçalves, Silje Sollien, Katie McKeown, Elliot James, Sian Butcher, Vanessa Díaz, Sílvia Jorge, Vanessa Melo, Emily Witt, Alicia Lazzarini, Marcia Schenck, Todd Cleveland, and Rowan Moore Gerety were some of my fellow researchers in Portugal or southern Africa or both at the time when most of the research for this book was conducted, with all the nourishing mutuality that entails. Nikolai led me to the library and archive at MITADER, site of many treasures. I am very grateful for the help and guidance offered by the staffs of all the archives I worked in, in Mozambique and in Portugal, with special thanks to Joel das Neves Tembe, director of the Arquivo Histórico de Moçambique (AHM), António Sopa (AHM), Maria Isabel de Jesus Mahutsane (CDFF), and Sérgio Mucavele (MITADER).
I also benefited greatly from conversations with or comments from Fernando Arenas, Patricia Lorcin, Maria de Lurdes Torcato, Joaquim Salvador, Marissa Moorman, Todd Cleveland, Claudia Gastrow, Euclides Gonçalves, Décio Muianga, Teresa Cruz e Silva, António Botelho de Melo, Eric Sheppard, Michael Goldman, Rachel Schurman, Karen Brown, Gary Minkley, Chico Carneiro, Nicole Ridgway, Joe Miller, Kathie Sheldon, Patricia Hayes, Ciraj Rassool, Eléusio Filipe, Carlos Fernandes, Ernesto Capello, José Teixeira, Geoffrey Traugh, Tucker Sharon, Cláudia Castelo, Nate Holdren, James Coplin, Aïssatou Mbodj-Pouye, João Sousa Morais, Alan Mabin, Carol d’Essen, Miguel Santiago, José Manuel Fernandes, Clara Mendes, Isabel Raposo, Cristina Henriques, Bento Sitoe, José Luís Cabaço, Tiago Castela, Sandra Roque, Richard Roberts, Samuli Schielke and other participants in the 2013 “Still in Search of Europe?” workshop at the Zentrum Moderner Orient in Berlin, Morten Nielsen, Anna Mazzolini, Flora Botelho, Carla Mirella de Oliveira Cortês, Jonathan Howard, Idalina Baptista, Lucy Earle, Luís Lage, the late António Rita-Ferreira, Manuel G. Mendes de Araújo, Yussuf Adam, Ivo Imparato, Ivan Laranjeira, M. J. Maynes, Ann Waltner, Judith Byfield, Deborah McDowell, Maurice Wallace, Cynthia