THE HISTORY OF BLOOD TRANSFUSION IN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA
PERSPECTIVES ON GLOBAL HEALTH
Series editor: James L. A. Webb, Jr.
This series publishes innovative studies that draw upon perspectives from the natural sciences and social sciences to shed light on important issues in global public health. The books in Perspectives on Global Health interest students and practitioners and are appropriate for adoption in undergraduate and graduate courses in global public health.
The History of Blood Transfusion in Sub-Saharan Africa,
by William H. Schneider
Global Health in Africa: Historical Perspectives on Disease Control,
edited by Tamara Giles-Vernick and James L. A. Webb, Jr.
THE HISTORY OF
BLOOD TRANSFUSION
IN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA
William H. Schneider
Ohio University Press
Athens
Ohio University Press, Athens, Ohio 45701
© 2013 by Ohio University Press
All rights reserved
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Schneider, William H. (William Howard), [date] author.
The history of blood transfusion in Sub-Saharan Africa / William H. Schneider.
pages cm — (Perspectives on global health)
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-0-8214-2037-9 (pb : alk. paper) — ISBN 978-0-8214-4453-5
1. Blood—Transfusion—Africa—History. 2. Blood banks—Risk management—Africa.
3. AIDS (Disease)—Epidemiology. I. Title. II. Series: Perspectives on global health.
RM171.S34 2013
362.1784096—dc23
2013026688
CONTENTS
ONE Blood Transfusion before the Second World War
TWO Blood Transfusion from 1945 to Independence
THREE Blood Transfusion in Independent African Countries
FOUR Who Got Blood? Indications for the Use of Blood Transfusion, 1945–2000
SIX Blood Transfusion and Health Risk before and after the AIDS Epidemic
SEVEN African Blood Transfusion in the Context of Global Health
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
A book as broad in scope as this has only been possible thanks to extraordinary support and assistance from many people and organizations. This includes a grant from the Fulbright-Hays Faculty Research Abroad Fellowship Program (no. P019A050018), a visiting researcher award at the Brocher Foundation (Geneva), sabbatical leave from the School of Liberal Arts at Indiana University–Purdue University Indianapolis, and support from the Baker-Ort Chair in International Healthcare Philanthropy at the Indiana University School of Philanthropy at IUPUI.
Among the personnel at blood banks and transfusion services who opened their records and agreed to be interviewed were Jack Nyamongo (Kenya National Blood Transfusion Service), O. W. Mwanda (Nairobi University Medical School), Peter Kataaha, Paul Senyonga, and John Watson-Williams (Uganda Blood Transfusion Services), Esau Nzaro and Aisu Steven (Mulago Hospital Blood Bank), Lamine Diakhaté and Saliou Diop (Centre national de transfusion sanguine, Senegal), Dora Mbanya (Centre hospitalier et universitaire, University of Yaoundé Faculty of Medicine), Juhani Leikola (Finnish Red Cross), Evelyn von Steffen (formerly of the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies, Geneva), and Myriam Malengreau (Université catholique de Louvain).
There are numerous archives and libraries around the world whose collections were invaluable for this book. They were graciously made available to me by many people with a great deal of patience. They include Helen Pugh and Emily Oldfield (British Red Cross Museum and Archives), Dirk Schoonbaert (Institute of Tropical Medicine Antwerp), Luc de Munck (Flemish section of the Belgian Red Cross), Pierre Dandoy (Archives africaines, Service publique fédéral Affaires étrangères, Brussels), Stéphane Kraxner (Institut Pasteur, Paris), Aline Pueyo (Institute of Tropical Medicine, Marseille), Margrit Schenker (Swiss Red Cross), Grant Mitchell (IFRC), Sophie Chapuis (International Museum of the Red Cross and Red Crescent, Geneva), Tomas Allen (WHO Library, Geneva), and Maria G. N. Musoke (Makerere University Medical Library, Kampala).
Several colleagues have offered encouragement as well as patience as this project was brought to a conclusion. They include Patrick Aeberhard, Ernie Drucker, Bob Einterz, Ellen Einterz, Tamara Giles-Vernick, Didier Gondola, Holly Hanson, Guillaume Lachenal, Preston Marx, and Cees Smit-Sibinga. Their help is largely responsible for both the instigation and relevance of this work. Any errors or questionable judgments are entirely my own.
Staff and research assistants at IUPUI—Jennifer Broome, Kelly Gascoine, Judi Izuka-Campbell, and Jennifer Smedley—contributed time and energy well beyond normal expectations of job descriptions. Jim Webb and Gillian Berchowitz at Ohio University Press, plus anonymous readers’ comments, have shown an understanding and appreciation that have been quite gratifying.
Finally, but foremost, it is a pleasure to publicly thank my wife, Laurie, for her patience and “adventures” involved in bringing this book to a conclusion.
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