Counterterrorism and the State
COUNTERTERRORISM AND THE STATE
WESTERN RESPONSES TO 9/11
DORLE HELLMUTH
UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA PRESS
PHILADELPHIA
Copyright © 2016 University of Pennsylvania Press
All rights reserved. Except for brief quotations used for purposes of review or scholarly citation, none of this book may be reproduced in any form by any means without written permission from the publisher.
Published by
University of Pennsylvania Press
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-4112
Printed in the United States of America on acid-free paper
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Hellmuth, Dorle, author.
Counterterrorism and the state : Western responses to 9/11 / Dorle Hellmuth.
pages cm
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-0-8122-4743-5 (alk. paper)
1. Terrorism—Prevention—United States—Decision making. 2. Terrorism—Prevention—Germany—Decision making. 3. Terrorism—Prevention—Great Britain—Decision making. 4. Terrorism—Prevention—France—Decision making. 5. Terrorism—Prevention—Law and legislation—United States. 6. Terrorism—Prevention—Law and legislation—Germany. 7. Terrorism—Prevention—Law and legislation—Great Britain. 8. Terrorism—Prevention—Law and legislation—France. 9. Comparative government. I. Title.
HV6431.H4185 2015
| 363.325'16—dc23 | 2015009520 |
To Benjamin
Contents
1. The Conceptual Debate: Setting the Stage for Structural Analysis
2. Case Study I: The United States
4. Case Study III: Great Britain
6. Comparative Analysis of Structural Effects on Counterterrorism Decision-Making
Summary of Findings and Conclusion
Abbreviations
United States
| CIA | Central Intelligence Agency |
| DCI | Director of Central Intelligence |
| DHS | Department of Homeland Security |
| DNI | Director of National Intelligence |
| DOD | Department of Defense |
| DOJ | Department of Justice |
| DOS | Department of State |
| FBI | Federal Bureau of Investigation |
| FEMA | Federal Emergency Management Agency |
| FISA | Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act |
| GAO | General Accounting Office |
| HSC | Homeland Security Council |
| IAIP | Information Analysis and Infrastructure Protection (directorate) |
| INS | Immigration and Naturalization Service |
| JTTF | Joint Terrorism Task Force |
| NCTC | National Counterterrorism Center |
| NSA | National Security Agency |
| NSB | National Security Branch |
| NSC | National Security Council |
| ODNI | Office of the Director of National Intelligence |
| OHS | Office of Homeland Security |
| OMB | Office of Management and Budget |
| TSA | Transportation Security Administration |
| TSC | Terrorist Screening Center |
| TTIC | Terrorist Threat Integration Center |
Germany
| BAMF | Bundesamt für Migration und Flüchtlinge (Federal Office for Migration and Refugees) |
| BfV | Bundesamt für Verfassungsschutz (Federal Office for the Protection of the Constitution) |
| BKA | Bundeskriminalamt (Federal Criminal Police Office) |
| BMI | Bundesministerium des Inneren (Federal Ministry of Interior) |
| BMJ | Bundesministerium der Justiz (Federal Ministry of Justice) |
| BND | Bundesnachrichtendienst (Federal Intelligence Service) |