33 M. O’Driscoll, D. Keogh, J. aan de Wiel (eds), Ireland through European eyes (Cork, 2013), 192.
34 Paul Kennedy, The rise and fall of the great powers, 78–9, 82–9.
35 Micheál Ó Siochrú, ‘Owen Roe O’Neill (1580–1649)’, Dictionary of Irish biography (Cambridge, 2009).
36 Denis O’Hearn, The Atlantic economy: Britain, the US and Ireland (Manchester, 2001), chapter 2 (quote p. 28).
37 Sean Connolly, Contested island: Ireland 1460–1630 (Oxford, 2007), 302, 304.
38 Sean Connolly, Contested island: Ireland 1460–1630 (Oxford, 2007), 289–91, 301 (quotes).
39 Raymond Gillespie, Seventeenth-century Ireland, 102–3, 129.
40 Lawrence James, The rise and fall of the British empire, 6–7, 10–11; Raymond Gillespie, Seventeenth-century Ireland, 123–30; Terry Clavin, ‘Sir Thomas Wentworth (1593–1641)’, Dictionary of Irish biography (Cambridge, 2009); N.A.M. Rodger, The safeguard of the sea: a naval history of Britain, volume one (London, 1997), 379–94.
41 J.C. Appleby, Mary O’Dowd, ‘The Irish admiralty: its organisation and development c. 1570–1640’, Irish historical studies, vol. 24 no. 95 (May 1985), 299–326.
42 Tadhg Ó hAnnracháin, ‘Gian Battista Rinnucci (1592–1653)’, Dictionary of Irish biography (Cambridge, 2009); Jane Ohlmeyer, Civil war and restoration in the three Stuart kingdoms: the career of Randall MacDonnell, Marquis of Antrim 1609–1683 (Cambridge, 1993).
43 J.C. Appleby, Mary O’Dowd, ‘The Irish admiralty: its organisation and development c. 1570–1640’, Irish historical studies, vol. 24 no. 95 (May 1985), 325–6.
44 Raymond Gillespie, Seventeenth-century Ireland, 155–8; Micheál Ó Siochrú, ‘Owen Roe O’Neill (1580–1649)’, Dictionary of Irish biography (Cambridge, 2009).
45 Jane Ohlmeyer (ed.), Cambridge history of Ireland, vol. 2 (Cambridge, 2018), 269.
46 Michael Perceval Maxwell, ‘James Butler (1610–1688)’, Dictionary of Irish biography (Cambridge, 2009). Early examples of British diplomats leading the Irish administration included Sir William Temple (1628–99), Sir Cyril Wyche (1632–1707) and Sir Robert Southwell (1625–1702). Later examples included William Eden (1744–1804) and Alleyne Fitzherbert (1753–1839). Entries for these men exist in Dictionary of Irish biography.
47 Quote from John Gibney, ‘Sir William Temple (1628–99)’, Dictionary of Irish biography (Cambridge, 2009).
48 Sean Connolly, Religion, law and power: the making of Protestant Ireland 1660–1760 (Oxford, 1992).
49 Ian McBride, Eighteenth century Ireland (Dublin, 2009), 111. In the past, Irish parliaments had often met in other Leinster towns such as Drogheda, Kilkenny and Clonmel. Maurice Craig, Dublin 1660–1860 (Dublin, 1952), 1–5, 12–15.
50 Ian McBride, Eighteenth century Ireland (Dublin, 2009), 10; Raymond Gillespie, Seventeenth-century Ireland, 248–51, 273–4.
51 NLI, Ormonde papers (additional), MSS 48,367–77.
52 David Hayton, ‘James Butler (1665–1745)’, Dictionary of Irish biography (Cambridge, 2009); C.J. Woods, ‘Thomas Conolly (1738–1803)’, Dictionary of Irish biography (Cambridge, 2009).
53 Lawrence James, The rise and fall of the British Empire (London, 1995), 33.
54 Paul Kennedy, The rise and fall of the great powers: economic change and military conflict from 1500 to 2000 (London, 1988), 103–5.
55 Jane Ohlmeyer (ed.), Cambridge history of Ireland, vol. 2 (Cambridge, 2018), chapter 15; James Kelly (ed.), Cambridge history of Ireland, vol. 3 (Cambridge, 2018), chapter 23.
56 Owen McGee (ed.), Eugene Davis’ souvenirs of Irish footprints over Europe (1889, 2nd ed., Dublin, 2006), 175–8; Jane Ohlmeyer (ed.), Cambridge history of Ireland, vol. 2, 403–8.
57 ‘Ship’s pass signed by king on show’, Irish Independent, 5 Aug. 2010.
58 Ian McBride, Eighteenth century Ireland (Dublin, 2009), 126–31, 196–7, 240–4.
59 Historical Manuscripts Commission, Calendar of the Stuart Papers, vol. 5 (London, 1912), pp. 141–2, 155, 391, 402–3, 427, 492. Copies of relevant French War Ministry papers can be found in NLI, microfilms n. 547 and n. 1944.
60 Sean Connolly, Religion, law and power: the making of Protestant Ireland 1660–1760 (Oxford, 1992), 233–49.
61 P. Butel, L.M. Cullen (eds), Cities and merchants: French and Irish perspectives on urban development 1500–1900 (Dublin, 1986); Turlough O’Riordan, ‘Thomas Sutton (1722–1782)’, Dictionary of Irish biography (Cambridge, 2009).
62 Bernadette Whelan, American government in Ireland, 1790–1913: a history of the US consular service (Manchester, 2010), 2, 87 (quote).
63 Ian McBride, Eighteenth century Ireland (Dublin, 2009), 110; Patrick Geoghegan, ‘Simon Harcourt (1714–1777)’, Dictionary of Irish biography (Cambridge, 2009).
64 R.D.C. Black, ‘Theory and policy in Anglo-Irish trade relations 1775–1800’,