3-1Ms A1: AsP, Mahīpāla’s 6th year (ca. 983 CE)
3-2Votive stūpa with eight life scenes, Site 12, Nālandā, ca. 9th–10th century
3-3Ms A6: AsP, Vigrahapāla III’s reign (ca. 1043–1069 CE)
3-4Buddha’s life scenes on folio 101v and folio 102r, AsP Ms (Ms A6), ca. mid-11th century
3-5Goddess Cundā in Buṅkaranagara, Lāhṭadeśa (Southern Gujarat, Broach region), right panel, folio 188r, AsP Ms (Ms B1), 1015 CE
3-6Samantabhadra in China (left panel), Kanyārāma-Lokanātha in Rāḍha (center panel), folio 127r, AsP Ms (Ms B1), 1015 CE (NS 135)
3-7Ms B2: AsP, NS 191 (1071 CE)
3-8Abhayapaṇī subduing Rāhu in the Great Ocean, folio 34r, AsP Ms (Ms B2), ca. 1071 CE
3-9Four-armed Cundā in a rocky setting, folio 178v, AsP Ms (Ms B2), ca. 1071 CE
3-10Avalokiteśvara in a Bengali hut-like shrine (Campitalā-Lokanātha in Samataṭa), folio 417r, Pañcaviṃśatī Prajñāpāramitā (PvP) sūtra Ms (Ms B3), ca. 1100
3-11Campitalā-Lokanātha in Samataṭa, left panel, folio 96r, AsP Ms (Ms B1), 1015 CE
3-12Avalokiteśvara paying homage to a stūpa, folio 111r, PvP Ms (Ms B4), ca. early 12th century
3-13Preaching Buddha supported by elephants, folio 351v, bodhisattva riding an elephant, folio 361r, PvP Ms (Ms B4), ca. early 12th century
4-1Folios 163v and 164r, AsP Ms (Ms C4), Gopāla’s 15th regnal year (ca. 1147 CE), Vikramaśīla monastery
4-2The donor, Vijayakīrti (left) and the dharmabhāṇaka, Kanakamunijāgeśvara (right), center section, full page depiction of the monks of Nālandā, AsP Ms (Ms C1), Rāmapāla 37th year (ca. 1114 CE)
4-3Ms C4: AsP, Gopāla’s 15th year (ca. 1147 CE)
4-4Maitreya, folio 20r, left panel, Pañcarakṣā Ms (Ms D1), Nayapāla’s 15th year (ca. 1042 CE)
4-5Ms D1: Diagram showing the mandalic relationship between the panels, Pañcarakṣā, Nayapāla’s 14th year (ca. 1042 CE)
4-6Vajrapāṇi, folio 92v, right panel, AsP Ms (Ms D2), Rāmapāla’s 15th year (ca. 1092 CE)
4-7Ms D2: AsP, Rāmapāla’s 15th year (ca. 1092 CE)
4-8Preaching Buddha and Ānanda relegating the teaching, folios 187v–188r, center panels, AsP Ms (Ms D2), Rāmapāla’s 15th year (ca. 1092 CE)
4-9Folios 92v–93v, AsP Ms (Ms D2), Rāmapāla’s 15th year (ca. 1092 CE)
4-10Uṣṇīṣavijayā maṇḍala, with the dhāraṇī written in gold on blue, painted wooden panels, ca. early 13th century, Tangut state of Xi-Xia, Khara-Khoto
5-1Vajrasattva and Vajradhātvīśvarī-Mārīcī, folios 89v–90r center panels, AsP Ms (Ms D3), Rāmapāla’s 36th year (ca. 1113 CE)
5-2Ms D3: AsP, Rāmapāla’s 36th year (ca. 1113 CE)
5-3Ms D4: AsP Gopāla’s 4th year (ca. 1136 CE)
5-4Sadāprarudita’s self-mutilation, merchant’s daughter and Indra in disguise as a Brahman, folio 204v, left panel, AsP Ms (Ms D4), Gopāla’s 4th year (ca. 1136 CE)
5-5Ms D5: AsP, Gomīndrapāla’s 4th year (ca. 1179 CE?)
5-6Illustrated folios (1v–2r, 101v–102r, 203v–204r), AsP Ms (Ms D6), Govindapāla’s 4th year (ca. 1179 CE)
5-7Illustrated folios (1v–2r, 109v–110r, 228v–229r), AsP Ms, Govindapāla’s 30th year or earlier (ca. 1205 CE; late 12th or early 13th century)
5-8Illustrated folios and painted interior of book covers, AsP Ms (Ms D8), Govindapāla’s 32nd year (ca. 1207 CE)
5-9Sambara, folio 106v, and Vajravārāhī, folio 107r, left panels, AsP Ms (Ms D9), Govindapāla’s 32nd year (ca. 1207 CE)
5-10Ms D10: AsP, Lakṣmaṇasena’s 47th year (ca. 1226 CE)
5-11Vajravārāhī, folio 142r, center panel, AsP Ms (Ms D10), Lakṣmaṇasena’s 47th year (ca. 1226 CE)
5-12Hevajra, folio 141v, right panel, AsP Ms (Ms D10), Lakṣmaṇasena’s 47th year (ca. 1226 CE)
5-13Kālacakra, second last folio, right panel, AsP Ms (Ms D10), Lakṣmaṇasena’s 47th year (ca. 1226 CE)
6-1Preaching Maitreya with the scribe/the ritual master, Svameśvara, and the donor, Rāmajīva, AsP Ms (Ms A3), folio 184r, Nayapāla’s 14th year (ca. 1041 CE), Nālandā monastery, Bihar
6-2Changes in patronage pattern between the 11th century and the 12th–13th centuries
6-3Monk doing a pūjā, folio 70r, Pañcarakṣā manuscript (Ms D1), Nayapāla’s 14th year (ca. 1041 CE)
6-4Examples of chapter-ending marks in 12th-century Nālandā manuscripts
6-5Donor Rāmadeva and a monk worshipping a book, folio 560r, PvP Ms, ca. 1100 CE (Harivarman’s 8th year)
6-6Historical trend of production pattern
6-7Folios from the Guhyasamāja
6-8Unfinished panel depicting bodhisattva (Avalokiteṣvara), folio 43v, AsP Ms, ca. late 12th century
7-1Vajracārya priests reciting different sections of the manuscript simultaneously, Prajñāpāramitā pūjā, Kwā Bāhā, Patan, Nepal, June 30, 2004.
7-2First two folios of the AsP ms, originally prepared in NS 345 (1225 CE), restored with late 20th-century paintings, Kwā Bāhā, Patan, Nepal, June 30, 2004.
7-3A golden box donated in NS 948 (1828 CE) and a gold-plated throne donated in NS 1020 (1900 CE) made for the 13th century Prajñāpāramitā manuscript, Prajñāpāramitā pūjā, Kwā Bāhā, Patan, Nepal, June 30, 2004.
LIST OF FIGURES AND DIAGRAMS ONLINE
Images are provided at www.ucpress.edu.
FIGURES
1-1Monk holding a book, detail of the Mahāmāyūrī panel, Cave 10, Ellora, ca. 7th century. Photo by author.
1-2Scene depicting a pustaka pūjā (worship of a book), donors on the left and a priest on the right, detail of the Prajñāpāramitā stele, Mangalpur, Orissa, ca. 11th century. Orissa State Museum. Photo by author.
2-1Folio 1v–folio 2r, AsP Ms (Ms A1), Mahīpāla’s 6th year (ca. 983 CE), Nālandā monastery, Asiatic Society, Kolkata, G.4713. Photo by author.
2-2“Prayer wheel” outside the entrance to the main temple, Wanla monastery, Ladakh, ca. 19th–20th century(?). Photo by author.
2-3Sculpted