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3.5.1 Online references
See online references on the PEOS internet home page for this chapter:
http://www.aopublishing.org/PEOS/03.htm
Jörg A. Auer
4.1 Mandible and maxilla fractures
4.1.5.1 Intraoral fixation techniques
4.1.5.2 Extraoral fixation techniques
4.1.6 Postoperative management
4.2.5 Postoperative management
4.1 Mandible and maxilla fractures
Mandible fractures occur more frequently than maxilla fractures. More often only one ramus of the mandible is affected. In foals, the incisors are commonly involved. If the germinal buds were not badly damaged, maturation will be normal.
Maturation of incisors will be normal if the germinal buds have not been damaged.
4.1.1 Etiology
In most cases, fracture follows catching of the teeth in a mesh wire (Fig. F4A) [1]. Occasionally, kicking injuries occur (Fig. F4B) or the animal may injure that part of the face falling or running into an immovable obstacle (Fig. F4C). Pathologic fractures may be seen in progressive severe dental disease with chronic infection and osteolysis. On other occasions, tumors render the mandible fragile, predisposing it to fracture.
Fig. F4A: Fractures of the incisor region most frequently occur when the teeth are caught in a mesh wire fence during playing. Sudden pulling back results in a fracture.
Fig. F4B: Kicking injuries of the jaw may lead to mandible and maxilla fractures.
Fig. F4C: Jaw fractures may also occur when a horse runs into an object.
4.1.2 Diagnosis
In many cases, inanition is the first hint of fracture (Fig. S4A). Excessive salivation is common, possibly associated with asymmetry of the face, and open wounds [2]. Radiographs provide