Believing himself to be in the lineage of Biblical Esau, Ibn Isa, “the son of the Hairy One, Isa (Esau)” slept and prayed on two panther skins. In the qasida At-Taiya, which he composed, Ibn Isa defined his powers by writing that both humans and the Jinns, were all devoted to him, as well as the venomous reptiles and the beasts of the desert.
Before embarking on a pilgrimage, the Isawiyya sacrificed a bull or a calf in honor of Ibn Isa. Before the ritual, the calf or bull is dressed in women’s clothing, thus becoming an obvious substitute for a human victim. As the rites progress, the members of the cults work themselves into such a frenzy that the sacrificial animal is torn to bits and its flesh eaten raw. When they begin their journey homeward after the pilgrimage, they dye their hands and feet red to represent fresh blood.
European witnesses to an Isawiyya initiation rite told of watching the initiates dancing and whirling faster and faster until they reached a point of violent ecstasy. Then, as they were writhing in the dust, bowls of live snakes, lizards, toads, and scorpion were set before them. Immediately, the initiates seized the bowls and began stuffing the wriggling creatures into their mouths, biting and tearing at them until there was nothing left but bloodstains.
Forced to accept the religious practices of their white masters, the African slaves in Cuba were greatly distressed when they could no longer worship the Orishas, their spiritual guardians. Since they were in no position to petition for the right to practice their native religion, the Yoruba and Bantu priests began to notice a number of parallels between the old religion of western Africa and aspects of Spanish Catholicism. While paying obeisance and homage to various Christian saints, the Africans found that they could simply envision that they were praying to one of their own spirit beings. Around 1517, a secret religion was born—Regla de Ocha, “The Rule of the Orisha,” or the common and most popular name, Santeria, “the way of the saints.”
A Santeria drum may be used in religious ceremonies that many North Americans don’t understand and may even fear.
Olorun or Olodumare, “the one who owns Heaven,” is the supreme deity in Santeria. The lesser guardians, the Orisha, are the entities who are each associated with a different Roman Catholic saint: Babalz Ayi became St. Lazaurus; Oggzn became St. Peter; Oshzn became Our Lady of Charity; Elegba became St. Anthony; Obatala became the Resurrected Christ, and so forth. Priests of the faith are called Santeros or Babalochas; priestesses are called Santeras or lyalochas. The term Olorisha may be applied to either a priest or a priestess.
While Santeria’s rites are controversial in that they may include the sacrifice of small animals, it is essentially a benign religion. Each celebration usually begins with an innovation of Olorun, the supreme deity. Dancing to strong African rhythms continues until members are possessed by various Orisha and allow the spirits to speak through them. The ritual is climaxed with the blood sacrifice, usually a chicken.
Santeria continues to grow among Hispanics in Florida, New York City, and Los Angeles. Some estimates state that there are over 300,000 practitioners of Santeria in New York alone.
While the secret rites remain hidden from outsiders, a few groups have recently emerged which allow their members an opportunity to practice Santeria freely. The Church of the Lukumi Babalu Aye was formed in southern Florida in the early 1970s and won a landmark decision by the Supreme Court to be allowed to practice animal sacrifice. The African Theological Archministry, founded by Walter Eugene King in South Carolina, now reports approximately 10,000 members. The Church of Seven African Powers, also located in Florida, instructs its members how to use spells in their daily lives.
In April 1989, the religion of Santeria was dealt a blow that severely tainted its image in the public consciousness. Police officials digging on the grounds of Rancho Santa Elena outside of Matamoros, Mexico, found a dozen human corpses which had all suffered ritual mutilations. When it was learned that the mother of Adolfo de Jesus Constanzo, the leader of the drug ring responsible for the murders, was a practitioner of Santeria, a media frenzy swept across both Mexico and the United States. Santeria was most often defined by the media as an obscure cult that was a mixture of voodoo and demon-worship.
Constanzo had actually created his own concept of a cult and declared himself its High Priest. He was joined by Sara Maria Aldrete, an attractive young woman, who led a bizarre double life as a High Priestess and as an honor student at Texas South-most College in Brownsville. Although, on the one hand, the ritual sacrifices were used as a disciplinary tool by the drug boss, it was learned from gang members that Constanzo had promised his followers that they would be able to absorb the spiritual essence of the victims.
Subsequent investigations of Constanzo’s grotesque version of a cult of human sacrifice determined that he had combined aspects of Santeria, voodoo, an ancient Aztec ritual known as santismo, and combined them with elements of his own bloody cosmology. Mexican police officials had discovered the grisly handiwork of the drug ring by following one of its members to a large black cauldron in which a human brain, a turtle shell, a horseshoe, a human spinal column, and an assortment of human bones had been boiled in blood.
The ancient highly respected role of the shaman remains central to Macumba (also known as Spiritism, Candomble, and Umbanda), a religious expression still practiced by a large number of Brazilians. The shaman (most often a male) enters into a trance state and communicates with the spirits in order to gain advice or aid for the supplicants. Altered states of consciousness among the practitioners are encouraged by dancing and drumming, and the evening ceremony is climaxed with an animal sacrifice.
Macumba was born in the 1550s from a blending of the African spirit worship of the slaves who had been brought to Brazil and the Roman Catholicism of the slaveholders. As with the origins of Santeria, the native priests soon realized how complementary the two faiths could be—especially since, unlike the slave owners in the United States, the Brazilians allowed the slaves to keep their drums. From the melding of the two religious faiths, the African slaves created the samba, the rhythm of the saints. The African god, Exu, became St. Anthony; Iemanja became Our Lady of the Glory; Oba became St. Joan of Arc; Oxala became Jesus Christ; Oxum became Our Lady of the Conception, and so on.
Those who participate in a Macumba ceremony enter a trance during the dancing and the drumming and allow a god to possess them. Once the possession has taken place, the shaman must determine which gods are in which dancer so the correct rituals may be performed. The process is assisted by the sacrifice of an animal, and the shaman smearing blood over the cult members. Once the members have been blooded, they take an oath of loyalty to the cult. Later, when the possessing spirit has left them, the members of the Macumba cult usually have no memory of the ritual proceedings.
In 1948, police officials in the British colony of Kenya began to receive rumors of strange ceremonies being held late at night in the jungle. These midnight assemblies were said to be bestial rituals that mocked Christian rites and included the eating of human flesh and the drinking of blood. Accompanying these sordid rumors were reports of native people being dragged from their beds at night, being beaten or maimed, and forced to swear oaths of initiation to a secret society called the Mau Mau.
It has been said that no one knows the real meaning of “Mau Mau” other than a Kikuyu (also Gikuyu) tribesperson. The origin of the name is shrouded in ancient African tribal mysteries and covered in blood. As nearly as it can be determined, the Mau Mau was quite likely an ancient Kikuyu secret society that had been reactivated. The Kikuyu tribe was the most populous and best educated in Kenya, but their culture also