Growth of trade-unionism accompanied by increased legal regulation of industry
The good and evil of this regulation
Continental experiments—The Austrian guilds
Legislation to protect workmen from intimidating each other—General principles
The older trade unions usually in favour of peace
Criminal Law Amendment Act, 1871
Repealed in 1875—A new Act carried
Recommendations of the Labour Commission
Different forms of intimidation practised
Labour disputes likely to play a large part in municipal government
Efforts of trade unions to control municipal labour in England
Relations of employers to trade unions
Methods by which labour war is carried on by employers
Desire to use political power to handicap employers in labour disputes
Immigration of foreign pauperism
Legislation to help workmen in labour disputes
This policy one form of the prevailing spirit of Protectionism
Connection of Protectionism and wage questions in America
Strength of the conservative influence in English labour
Diffusion of working men’s property in France and England
This is the best guarantee against social revolution
Large number of the real owners of the soil
Value of the joint-stock system in diffusing capital
Co-operative industries—Causes of their frequent failure
More successful in distribution than production
Productive co-operation has, however, proved successful and useful
The industrial effects of education
Specially successful in France—Trade-unionism little developed there
The profit-sharing system favours large industries
Other Methods of Conciliation
Piecework—Payment by the hour—Conciliation and arbitration boards
Continental methods of settling labour disputes
English legislation about arbitration
Government encouragement of thrift
Division of land—Its difficulty and its necessity
England not well suited for peasant proprietors
The creation of peasant proprietors in Ireland
Changes in American agriculture
Peasant proprietors on the Continent
Influences likely to divide land in England
Attempts to multiply small proprietors by law—The Small Holdings Act of 1892
Attempts to bring back manufacturers to the country
The town properties—Desirability of multiplying freeholds
Socialists hostile to this policy
Moral Element in Labour Questions
Increased sense of the inequalities of fortune
The impatience of inexperienced democracy
Strengthening of the philanthropic side of religion
New sources of pleasure opened to the poor