American Democracy in Context. Joseph A. Pika

Expenditures by OthersForeign Interference in Campaigns and ElectionsHow Other Countries Regulate Campaign FinanceConsequences for DemocracyChapter 9: Participation, Voting Behavior, and CampaignsPerspective: Why Is Voter Turnout Lower in the United States Than in Many Countries?Political ParticipationUnconventional ParticipationUnconventional Participation as a NecessityUnconventional Participation as a TacticConventional ParticipationVoter TurnoutThe Decline of Voter Turnout in the Twentieth CenturyFactors Affecting TurnoutConvenienceMotivationWho Votes?Picture Yourself … as a Voter in IsraelAgeEthnicityIncomeWhat Difference Does It Make Who Votes?Turnout in Congressional ElectionsVoting in ReferendumsHow People Make Voting DecisionsLow Levels of InformationThe CandidatesThe State of the Nation and the EconomyParty IdentificationPolicy IssuesWho Votes for Whom?Political Campaigns and the Voters’ ChoicesTechnology and the Tools of the CampaignPollsFocus GroupsTelevision AdvertisementsFree MediaWebsites and Social Networking SitesTargeted MarketingThe Flow of Factors in the CampaignThe CandidatesState of the Nation and the EconomyParty IdentificationElectoral Mobilization Versus Changing MindsParty Polarization Among VotersConsequences for DemocracyChapter 10: Media and PoliticsPerspective: How Have the Internet and Social Media Affected Politics?The Functions of the MediaReporting and Interpreting the NewsHelping to Set the Public AgendaServing as Agents of SocializationServing as a Public ForumProviding EntertainmentTracing the Development of Media in the United StatesBeginningsThe Partisan PressThe Penny Press and Yellow JournalismThe Rise of Objective Journalism and the Fourth EstateRadioTelevisionSocial Media and the InternetGovernment Regulation of the MediaRegulating the AirwavesRegulating Broadcast ContentRegulating the InternetPicture Yourself … As A Journalist In Saudi ArabiaGovernment and the MediaPresidents and the PressCongress and the PressThe Supreme Court and the PressElectionsAssessing the MediaBiased NewsFormulaic NewsConsequences for Democracy

      8 Part IV Institutions of American DemocracyChapter 11: CongressPerspective: Can Legislatures Exercise Effective Control Over the use of Force?The Functions of CongressLegitimacy and RepresentationModels of RepresentationPork Barrel Projects and EarmarksDemographic RepresentationConstituency ServiceLawmakingExecutive OversightShaping Foreign PolicyConstitutional PowersNecessary and Proper ClauseImpeachmentAppointmentsThe Structure of CongressBicameralismDistinctive House and Senate RulesCongressional SessionsCommittees and SubcommitteesHow Congress OperatesInfluence in CongressRank-and-File MembersParty LeadersCommittee and Subcommittee ChairsCongressional StaffCongressional Support AgenciesPicture Yourself … Visiting the Parliament House in New Delhi, IndiaAssembling Coalitions Makes Action PossibleDecentralizing ForcesCentralizing ForcesFrom Czars to Committee Government to Party DictatorsPresidential Influence on Congressional CoalitionsThe Legislative ProcessThe Budget ProcessConsequences for DemocracyChapter 12: The PresidencyPerspective: Why Have the Norms for Presidential Communication Changed?Presidential and Parliamentary SystemsThe Evolving Job of PresidentConstitutional RolesCommander in Chief of the Armed ForcesChief DiplomatPicture Yourself … In Caracas, VenezuelaChief LegislatorChief AdministratorChief MagistrateExtra-Constitutional RolesChief BudgeterChief EconomistPolitical Leader and Head of StateTheories of Presidential PowerPublic Approval of PresidentsThe Institutional PresidencyThe Executive Office of the PresidentThe Vice PresidentThe CabinetPresidential Goals and Keys to SuccessPersonal AbilityLegislative StrategyAppealing to PartySetting the Legislative AgendaIssuing VetoesGoing PublicAdministrative StrategyRegulationsUnilateral Executive ActionsJudicial StrategyJudicial SelectionEnforcementConsequences for DemocracyChapter 13: BureaucracyPerspective: How do Governments Respond During Natural Disasters?Democracy and Bureaucracy in the United StatesFeatures of a Modern BureaucracyWeber’s Model of BureaucracyDistinctive Features of U.S. BureaucracyA Cultural Distrust of Government Power and CapacityLack of Constitutional StandingUncertain GuidanceNeutral Agents Are Forced to Be PoliticalExperimental StructuresThe Checkered History of Bureaucracy in the United StatesHamilton Versus JeffersonNineteenth-Century ChangesThe Creation of the U.S. Civil ServiceThe Complex Structure of the Federal BureaucracyDepartmentsIndependent AgenciesIndependent Regulatory CommissionsGovernment CorporationsHybrid OrganizationsThe Size of the Federal BureaucracyThe Search for ControlAnnual Budget ReviewsAuthorization of ProgramsOversight of Agency PerformanceNomination and Confirmation of Political AppointeesReorganization of the BureaucracyDramatic Reorganizations: The National Security ApparatusPicture Yourself … Advising the President on Policy Toward RussiaManaging Public EmployeesWhen Control Proves ElusiveConsequences for DemocracyChapter 14: The JudiciaryPerspective: When do Reactions to Unpopular Court Decisions Threaten Judicial Independence?An Independent Judiciary Enforcing the Rule of LawThe Creation of Judicial ReviewPrecedents for Judicial ReviewThe Framers’ IntentMarbury v. MadisonThe Context of Marbury v. MadisonThe Decision in Marbury v. MadisonJudicial Review of State ActionJudicial Review Around the WorldPicture Yourself … As A U.S. Marshal Charged With Protecting Federal JudgesAn Overview of the U.S. Court SystemThe Federal Court SystemU.S. District CourtsU.S. Courts of AppealsThe U.S. Supreme CourtState Court SystemsThe Supreme Court in ActionGetting to the CourtHow the Court Decides CasesThe Role of Judicial Philosophy in Decision MakingThe Jurisprudence of Original IntentJudicial Restraint Versus Judicial ActivismLimits on the Supreme CourtConstitutional ChecksNoncomplianceHow Judges Are SelectedThe Selection of Supreme Court JusticesChoosing Supreme Court NomineesConfirming Supreme Court NomineesThe Selection of Lower Federal Court JudgesSenatorial Courtesy Versus Presidential PrerogativeDiversifying the BenchJudicial Selection in the StatesConsequences for Democracy

      9 Part V Public PolicyChapter 15: Domestic and Economic PolicyPerspective: What Can the United States Learn from Canada’s Legalization of Recreational Marijuana?Making Public PolicyAn Idealized Model of Policy MakingAgenda SettingPolicy FormulationPolicy AdoptionPolicy ImplementationPolicy EvaluationInfluence of Historical ExperienceInfluence of Economic SystemsPicture Yourself … Committed to Ending Slavery in 1843 AmericaHealth CareBackgroundProblems and SolutionsAccessQuality and CostPoliticsSocial SecurityBackgroundProblems and SolutionsChanging DemographicsClosing the Gap Between Benefits and RevenuePolicy AlternativesPoliticsEnergy and the EnvironmentBackgroundProblems and SolutionsDeclining Dependence on Imported OilClimate ChangeClean CoalNuclear PowerInefficient Electrical GridConsumer AttitudesPoliticsEconomic PolicyFiscal PolicyThe National DebtMonetary PolicyRegulationThe Limits of Domestic Economic PoliciesConsequences for Democracy

      10  Appendix A: The Declaration of Independence

      11  Appendix B: The Constitution of the United States of America

      12  Appendix C: Federalist No. 10 (James Madison)

      13  Appendix D: Federalist No. 51 (James Madison)

      14  Glossary

      15  Notes

      16  Index

      American Democracy in Context

      If this is the only course your students take in political science, it should matter. Put American politics in context for your students. America’s version of democracy is distinctive in some respects but also similar to others around the world. We can better understand the American version of democracy by comparing it with democratic practices elsewhere and by better understanding historically how it has become the way it is today. These two contexts will inspire students to develop a deeper and broader understanding of American practices and American institutions.

      Perspective

      These chapter-opening vignettes set the stage for the rest of the chapter