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2 Sewell W.H.Jr. The Concepts of Culture // Beyond the Cultural Turn / Ed. by V.E. Bonneil, L. Hunt. Berkeley, 1999. P. 51–55.
3 Bloch M. A Contribution towards a Comparative History of European Societies // Land and Work In Medieval Europe: Selected Papers. Berkeley, 1967. P. 44–81.
4 Более подробный анализ этого вопроса см.: Rieber AJ. Repressive Population Transfers In Central, Eastern and South-Eastern Europe: A Historical Overview // Forced Migration In Central and Eastern Europe, 1939–1950 / Ed. by A. Rieber. London, 2000. P. 1–27.
5 Hobsbawm E. The Age of Revolution: Europe, 1789–1848. London,1960.
6 Tanner M. The Last Descendant of Aeneas: The Habsburgs and the Mythic Image of the Emperor. New Haven, 1993.
7 Kann R.A. The Dynasty and the Imperial Idea // Dynasty, Politics and Culture: Selected Essays / Ed. by R.A. Kann. Boulder, 1991.
8 EvansR.J.W. Joseph II and Nationality: The Habsburg Lands // Enlightened Absolutism. Reform and Reformers In Later Eighteenth Century Europe / Ed. by H.M. Scott. London, 1990. P. 210–218.
9 Wortman R. The Scenarios of Power: Myth and Ceremony In Russian Monarchy. Princeton, 2000. Vol. II. P. 235–236.
1 °Cм.: Фриз Г. Церковь, религия и политическая культура на закате Старого режима // Реформы или революция? Россия, 1861–1917: Материалы Международного коллоквиума историков. СПб., 1992. С. 1–42.
11 Inalcik Н. Comments on «Sultanism»: Max Weber’s Typification of the Ottoman Polity // Princeton Papers on Near Eastern Studies. Princeton, 1992. P. 49–72.
12 См., например: Keddie N. Pan-Islam as Proto-Nationalism // The Journal of Modern History. 1969. March. № 1. P. 17–28.
13 Whiteside A. The Socialism of Fools: Georg Rittervon Schönerer and Austrian Pan-Germanism. Berkeley, 1975.
14 LandauJ.M. The Politics of Pan-Islam. Ideology and organization. Oxford, 1988; Mardin S. The Genesis of Young Ottoman Thought: A Study In the Modernization of Turkish Political Ideas. Princeton, 1962.
15 Bennigsen AI. Panturkism and Panislamism In History and Today // Central Asian Survey. 1985. P. 39–68; Landau J.M. Op. cit.
16 Weber M. Economy and Society / Ed. by G. Roth, Cl. Wittich. Berkeley, 1978. P. 973. Вебер продолжает: «…по мере того, как современная культура становится все более сложной и специализированной, обеспечивающий ее аппарат во все большей степени нуждается в беспристрастном и строго специализированном эксперте вместо „лорда“ из старых социальных структур, который руководствовался личными симпатиями, чувствами благодарности и благосклонности» (Ibid. Р. 975). Разумеется, полностью замена «лорда» экспертом в имперских структурах была невозможна, и между ними продолжало сохраняться напряженное соперничество.
17 Tilly Ch. Coercion, Capital, and European States AD 1990–1992. L., 1992.
18 Salzman A. An Ancient regime Revisited: «Privatization» and Political Economy. In the Eighteenth Century Ottoman Empire // Politics and Society. 1993. № 4. P. 393–423.
19 Tilly Ch. Op. cit. P. 99–103.
20 Khoury D.R. Administrative Practice between Religious Law (Shari’a) and State Law (Kanun) on the Eastern Frontiers of the Ottoman Empires //Journal of Early Modern History. 2001. P. 305–320.
21 Togan Isenbike. Ottoman History by Inner Asian Norms // New approaches to State and peasant In Ottoman History / Ed. by H. Berktay, S. Faroqui. 1992. P. 185–210.
22 Davidson R. Reform In the Ottoman Empire, 1856–1876. Princeton, 1963. P. 43–45,92-98,115–120,362-390,407.
23 Mardin S. Op. cit. Особенно гл. 4.
24 Lewis В. The Emergence of Modern Turkey. L„1961. Особенно гл. 5.
25 Heindl W. Gehorsame Rebellen: Bürokratie und Beamte In Österreich, 1780 bis 1848. Vienna, 1991.
26 BoyerJ. Political Radicalism In Late Imperial Vienna. Chicago, 1981. P. 4–5.
27 BoyerJ. Freud, Marriage and Late Viennese Liberalism:
A Commentary from 1905 //Journal of Modern History. 1978. March. № 2. P. 72–74.
28 BoyerJ. Political Radicalism… P. 278–280.
29 Cohen G.B. Neither Absolutism nor Anarchy. New Narratives on Society and government In Imperial Austria, 1848–1918. West Lafayette (Ind.), 1996. P. 108–126.
30 BoyerJ. Political Radicalism… P. 293–294,304-305,349–352,415-416.
31 Plavsic B. Seventeenth Century Chanceries and Their Staffs // Russian Officialdom: The Bureaucratization of Russian History from the Seventeenth to the Twentieth Century / Ed. by W.M. Pinter, D.K. Rowney. Chapel Hill, 1980. P. 19–45.
32 Pinter W.M. The Evolution of Civil Officialdom, 1755–1855 // Ibid. P. 190–226; Lincoln B. In the Vanguard of Reform: Russian’s Enlightened Bureaucrats, 1825–1861. De Kalb (111.), 1982.
33 Рибер А. Групповые интересы в борьбе вокруг Великих реформ // Великие реформы в России, 1856–1874 / Под ред. Л.Г. Захаровой и др. М., 1992 С. 44–72.
34 RobbinsR.G.Jr. The Tsar’s Viceroys. Russian Provincial Governors In the Last Years of the Empire. Ithaca, 1987. Особенно гл. 9.
35 Lieven D. Empire: The Russian Empire and Its Rivals. New Haven, 2000. P. 283. В середине столетия от 15 % до 20 % центральной бюрократии состояло из немцев и поляков. См.: Pinter W.M. Op. cit. P. 207–208.
36 MaceyD.AJ. Government and Peasant In Russia, 1861–1906: The Prehistory of the Stolypin Reforms. De Kalb, 1987. P. 44–68.
37 См., например: Yaney G. The Systematization of Russian Government: Social Evolution In the Domestic