go mad – сходить с ума
fill out – заполнять (формы, документы)
account for – объяснять, отчитываться (за что-либо)
fair price – честная цена
publicly listed company – акционерное общество открытого типа, подписавшее соглашение с фондовой биржей, где котируются его акции
letters of credit – аккредитив
debt/equity swap – обмен долговых обязательств на акции предприятия
general offer – генеральное предложение
tax deduction – налоговая льгота
keep milk rights – владеть правами на молоко
majority shareholder – держатель контрольного пакета акций
with an option – с опционом (приобретения)
the Feng Shui – фэн-шуй
get married – вступать в брак
phallo-centric – фаллоцентрический
war-mongering – агрессивный, стремящийся к войне, разжигающий войну
differently-aged – разновозрастный
no less valuable – не менее ценный
non-specified gender – не определенного пола
counter culture – контркультура
Wow – разг. здорово! блеск!
Far out! – сленг здорово! классно!
Awesome! – сленг здорово! отлично!
pay the fortune – платить целое состояние
apply for financial aid – обращаться за финансовой помощью
farm-policy – политика в отношении фермерских хозяйств
drive out – вытеснять, выводить, изгонять
open-air market – рынок под открытым небом
charge for – назначать (цену)
up-to-date – современные (соответствующие текущей дате)
Singapore – Сингапур
Hong Kong – Гонконг
Panama – Панама
Cayman Islands – Каймановы острова
European Union – Европейский союз
Brussels – Брюссель
Finnish – финский
the Netherlands – Нидерланды
Exercise 1
Answer the questions:
1. Who consumes milk within the feudalism economic system?
2. How much milk would you get under pure socialism?
3. What would happen to your cows if they were cared for by ex-chicken farmers?
4. What happens to cow-owners under dictatorship?
5. Who tells you who you should give the milk to within representative democracy?
6. What is «Cowgate»?
7. What happens to cows if they are fed by sheep's brain?
8. How much is the fair price under anarchy?
9. What will happen to your cow after you have bought a bull?
10. What does Feng Shui have to do with breeding of cows?
11. What might happen to a cow in case you do not milk it?
12. Which of the two feminist cows is going to be the calf's Dad?
13. Where would the European Union get the money to subsidise European cows?
14. What is the difference between Eastern and Western European democracies, from the cow's point of view?
15. Which one of all the cows spoken here of might be the happiest?
Capitalism
Capitalism is a term to define the system of economic individualism, based on the assumption that people's pursuit of self-interest and the right to own private property are legally legitimate and morally defensible. In this case the state exists to protect individual rights. Restricted by law and custom to a certain extend, people as individuals are free to decide where to invest, what to produce or sell, and what prices to charge. Their efforts in terms of assets, sales and profits, or the number of customers, employees, and investors, or whether they operate in local, regional, national, or international markets, are not limited in any natural way.
In the nineteenth century even capitalism's defenders did not understand its nature. It was believed that the perfect economic system was that of «pure» competition, where all firms are small scale, products in each industry are homogeneous, buyers are perfectly informed about what is for sale and at what price, and all sellers have to «take» the market price, being unable to charge a higher one for their goods.
In practice, though, there is no such thing as pure competition. Under real competition within capitalism companies are rivals for sales and profits. This leads them to introduce cost-cutting technologies, to innovate in product design and performance, and to use packaging to make products more attractive for customers. Companies also offer assurances of security to imperfectly informed consumers, such as money-back guarantees or product warranties. They also build customer loyalty through investing in their brand names and reputations.
If a company is successful in adopting these techniques of rivalry, it is growing, and eventually may come to dominate its industry, though usually only for a few years until other firms find better ways of satisfying consumer demands. Neither rivalry nor product