11
См., напр.: J. Riley-Smith, The First Crusade and the Idea of Crusading (London, 1986), pp. 31ff.
12
О декрете о Иерусалиме, принятом в Клермоне, см.: Somerville, Councils of Urban II, pp. 74, 124, также R. Somerville, Papacy, Councils and Canon Law (London, 1990), pp. 56–65 и 325–37. Также Riley-Smith, First Crusade, pp. 13–30.
13
В письме говорится, что численность участников Крестового похода, сосредоточенных у Никеи в 1097 году, составляла 300 000 человек; а во время битвы при Аскалоне в сентябре 1099 года – немногим более 20 000 человек, хотя сюда не включена численность гарнизонов в Иерусалиме и других городах, находившихся в руках западных рыцарей. Barber and Bate, Letters, pp. 34–5. О численности армии крестоносцев см.: J. France, Victory in the East: A Military History of the First Crusade (Cambridge, 1993), pp. 122–42.
14
Raymond of Aguilers, I, p. 18; Albert of Aachen, V.40, pp. 392–4.
15
Albert of Aachen, III.28, p. 182.
16
Ralph of Caen, 119, р. 135.
17
См., напр.: J. Riley-Smith, The First Crusaders 1095–1131 (Cambridge, 1997); M. Bull, Knightly Piety and the Lay Response to the First Crusade: The Limousin and Gascony (Oxford, 1993); France, Victory in the East; T. Asbridge, The First Crusade: A New History (London, 2004). Об исследованиях по теме Крестовых походов см.: C. Tyerman, God's War: A New History of the Crusades (London, 2006), J. Phillips, Holy Warriors: A Modern History of the Crusades (London, 2010).
18
J. Nesbitt, 'The rate of march of crusading armies in Europe: a study and computation', Traditio 19 (1963), pp. 167–82; A. Murray, 'The army of Godfrey of Bouillon 1096–9: Structure and dynamics of a contingent on the First Crusade', Revue Belge de Philologie et d'Histoire 70 (1992), pp. 301–29; B. Bachrach, 'Crusader logistics: From victory at Nicaea to resupply at Dorylaion', in J. Pryor (ed.), Logistics of Warfare in the Age of the Crusades (Aldershot, 2006), pp. 43–62.
19
Например: S. Edgington, 'Albert of Aachen reappraised', in A. Murray (ed.), From Clermont to Jerusalem: The Crusades and Crusader Societies (Turnhout, 1998), pp. 55–67; J. France, 'The use of the anonymous Gesta Francorum in the early twelfth century sources for the First Crusade', in ibid., pp. 29–42; J. Rubenstein, 'What is the Gesta Francorum and who was Peter Tudebode?', Revue Mabillon 16 (2005), pp. 179–204.
20
A. Vauchez, 'Les composantes eschatologiques de l'idée de croisade', in A. Vauchez (ed.), Le Concile de Clermont de 1095 et l'appel à la Croisade (Rome, 1997), pp. 233–43; H. Möhring, Der Weltkaiser der Endzeit: Entstehung Wandel und Wirkung einer tausendjahrigen Weissagung (Stuttgart, 2000), and B. E. Whalen, Dominion of God: Christendom and Apocalypse in the Middle Ages (Cambridge, Mass., 2009).
21
J. Bliese, 'The motives of the First Crusaders: A social psychological analysis', Journal of Psychohistory 17 (1990), pp. 393–411; G. Anderson, R. Ekelund, R. Herbert and R. Tollinson, 'An economic interpretation of the medieval crusades', Journal of European Economic History 21 (1992), pp. 339–63.
22
C. Ottoni, F-X. Ricaut, N. Vanderheyden, N. Brucato, M. Waelkens and R. Decorte, 'Mitochondrial analysis of a Byzantine population reveals the differential impact of multiple historical events in South Anatolia', European Journal of Human Genetics 19 (2011), pp. 571–6.
23
A. Johansen and D. Sornett, 'Finite time singularity in the dynamics of the world population and economic indices', Physica A 294.3–4 (2001), pp. 465–502, citing J. DeLong's University of California, Berkeley 'Estimating World GDP' project.
24
Bernold of Constance, р.520.
25
Анна Комнина. C. 354.
26
Любарский Я. Об источниках «Алексиады» Анны Комниной, Византийский временник. № 25 (1965). С. 99–120; об источниках, на которые опиралась Анна, см.: J. Howard-Johnston, 'Anna Komnene and the Alexiad', in M. Mullett and D. Smythe (eds.) Alexios I Komnenos – Papers (Belfast, 1996), pp. 260–302.
27
R. Bedrosian (tr.) Aristakes Lastivertc'i's History (New York, 1985), p. 64.
28
Gregory VII, Register, I.1, p. 1.
29
Ibid., I.25, p. 30.
30
См.: U-R. Blumenthal, The Investiture Controversy: Church and Monarchy from the Ninth to the Twelfth Century (Philadelphia, 1988); G. Tellenbach, The Western Church from the Tenth to the Early Twelfth Century (Cambridge, 1993); H. Cowdrey, Pope Gregory VII, 1073–1085 (Oxford, 1998).
31
Gregory VII, Register, III.6, p. 181; III.10a, pp. 192–3.
32
Hugh of Flavigny, II, p. 458; Lampert, Annales, pp. 258, 264–5; Berthold, p. 284; Bonizo of Sutri, Liber, 8, p. 609.
33
Gregory VII, Register, VII.14, pp. 342–4.
34
Benzo of Alba, Ad Henricum, VI, Preface, p. 502.
35
C. Erdmann (ed.), Die Briefe Heinrichs IV (Leipzig, 1937), 18, p. 28.
36
P. Kehr, 'Due documenti pontifici illustranti la storia di Roma negli ultimi anni del secolo XI', Archivio della Società Romana di storia patria 23 (1900), pp. 277–83.
37
Bernold of Constance, p. 508.
38
Урбан II обещал