39
J. Jakobsson, ‘Who Founded the Indo-Greek Era of 186/5 BCE?’, Classical Quarterly 59.2 (2009), рр. 505–510.
40
D. Sick, ‘When Socrates Met the Buddha: Greek and Indian Dialectic in Hellenistic Bactria and India’, Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society 17.3 (2007), рр. 253–254.
41
J. Derrett, ‘Early Buddhist Use of Two Western Themes’, Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society 12.3 (2002), рр. 343–355.
42
B. Litvinsky, ‘Ancient Tajikistan: Studies in History, Archaeology and Culture (1980–1991)’, Ancient Civilisations 1.3 (1994), р. 295.
43
S. Nath Sen, Ancient Indian History and Civilisation (Delhi, 1988), р. 184. также см. R. Jairazbhoy, Foreign Influence in Ancient India (New York, 1963), рр. 48–109.
44
Plutarch, Peri tes Alexandrou tukhes he arête, 5.4 in Plutarch: Moralia, ed. and tr. F. Babitt et al., 15 vols (Cambridge, MA, 1927–1976), 4, рр. 392–396; J. Derrett, ‘Homer in India: The Birth of the Buddha’, Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society 2.1 (1992), рр. 47–57.
45
J. Frazer, The Fasti of Ovid (London, 1929); J. Lallemant, ‘Une Source de l’Enéide: le Mahabharata’, Latomus 18 (1959), рр. 262–287; Jairazbhoy, Foreign Influence, р. 99.
46
C. Baumer, The History of Central Asia: The Age of the Steppe Warriors (London, 2012), рр. 290–295.
47
V. Hansen, The Silk Road (Oxford, 2012), рр. 9–10.
48
Sima Qian, Records of the Grand Historian of China, 123, 2, р. 238.
49
Там же, 129, 2, р. 440.
50
H. Creel, ‘The Role of the Horse in Chinese History’, American Historical Review 70 (1965), рр. 647–672. В пещерах Дуньхуан на стенах можно найти много изображений небесных лошадей, см. T. Chang, Dunhuang Art through the Eyes of Duan Wenjie (New Delhi, 1994), рр. 27–28.
51
Recent excavations of the Emperor Wu’s mausoleum in Xi’an in 2011, Xinhua, 21 February 2011.
52
Huan Kuan, Yan Tie Lun, цитируется по Y. Yu, Trade and Expansion in Han China: A Study in the Structure of Sino-Barbarian Economic Relations (Berkeley, 1967), р. 40.
53
Например, Sima Qian, Records of the Grand Historian of China, 110, 2, рр. 145–146. Некоторые комментариии относительно образования, обычаев и моды хунну см. на стр. 129–130.
54
См. Yu, Trade and Expansion in Han China, рр. 48–54.
55
Там же, р. 47, n. 33; также см. R. McLaughlin, Rome and the Distant East: Trade Routes to the Ancient Lands of Arabia, India and China (London, 2010), рр. 83–85.
56
Sima Qian, Records of the Grand Historian of China, 110, 2, р. 143.
57
S. Durrant, The Cloudy Mirror: Tension and Conflict in the Writings of Sima Qian (Albany, NY, 1995), рр. 8–10.
58
Sima Qian, Records of the Grand Historian of China, 123, 2, р. 235.
59
E. Schafer, The Golden Peaches of Samarkand: A Study of Tang Exotics (Berkeley, 1963), рp. 13–14.
60
Hansen, Silk Road, р. 14.
61
T. Burrow, A Translation of Kharoshthi Documents from Chinese Turkestan (London, 1940), р. 95.
62
Hansen, Silk Road, р. 17.
63
R. de Crespigny, Biographical Dictionary of Later Han to the Three Kingdoms (23–220 AD) (Leiden, 2007).
64
M. R. Shayegan, Arsacids and Sasanians: Political Ideology in Post-Hellenistic and Late Antique Persia (Cambridge, 2011).
65
N. Rosenstein, Imperatores victi: Military Defeat and Aristocratic Competition in the Middle and Late Republic (Berkeley, 1990); а также S. Phang, Roman Military Service: Ideologies of Discipline in the Late Republic and Early Principate (Cambridge, 2008).
66
Р. Heather, The Fall of the Roman Empire: A New History of Rome and the Barbarians (Oxford, 2006), р. 6. О запрете на вступление в брак см., главным образом, Phang, Marriage of Roman Soldiers (13 BC – AD 235): Law and Family in the Imperial Army (Leiden, 2001).
67
C. Howgego, ‘The Supply and Use of Money in the Roman World 200 b.c. to a.d. 300’, Journal of Roman Studies 82 (1992), рр. 4–5.
68
A. Bowman, Life and Letters from the Roman Frontier: Vindolanda and its People (London, 1994).
69
Diodorus Siculus, Bibliotheke Historike, 17.52, in The Library of History of Diodorus of Sicily, ed. and tr. C. Oldfather, 12 vols (Cambridge, MA, 1933–1967), 7, р. 268. Современные ученые предполагают, что численность населения Александрии составляла до полумиллиона человек, например, R. Bagnall and B. Frier, The Demography of Roman Egypt (Cambridge, 1994), рр. 54, 104.
70
D. Thompson, ‘Nile Grain Transport under the Ptolemies’, in Р. Garnsey, Hopkins and C. Whittaker (eds), Trade in the Ancient Economy (Berkeley, 1983), рр. 70–71.
71
Strabo, Geographika,