English for Astronomers. Учебно-методические рекомендации для технических специальностей. Бахытжан Саякова

and Sun.

      9. From Earth’s surface we can only observe the same side of the Moon.

      10. We always observe the same side of the Moon from Earth.

       Exercise 1 3

      Underline examples of Present Simple and Continuous in each text.

       Exercise 1 4

      Translate into Kazakh (Russian)

      The universe consists of clusters, which includes billions of galaxies, whereas there are billions of stars in an ordinary galaxy. Some stars have planets revolving around them, satellites revolve around the planets. Even without a telescope, an observer with his naked eye can see the Sun, the Moon, some stars, five of the planets, comets and meteors.

      We need the concept of the celestial sphere in order to define the positions of the objects in the sky. We use astronomical coordinate systems to define these positions in the celestial sphere. The first target of observers using their naked eye is the Moon. We can determine many properties of the Moon during such an observation. We can define two periods for the Moon: the sidereal period for a complete cycle with respect to the stars and the synodic period for a complete cycle with respect to the Earth-Sun line.

      The type of motion the Moon undergoes is called synchronous motion, that is, the Moon revolves around the Earth always displaying it’s same side to the Earth. The apparent shape of the Moon changes in phases, which have various shapes. The apparent dimensions of the Sun and the Moon are the same, thus either one of them can prevent light reaching Earth from each other. These phenomena are called a solar eclipse and a lunar eclipse.

       Exercise 1 5

      Write not less than 7 questions to the text and be ready to answer them.

      UNIT 2

      Grammar: Past tenses: Simple, Continuous, erfect.

      Texts:

      1. Ancient astronomy

      2. Astronomy after the 20^th century.

Past Simple (I waited) or Past Continuous (I was waiting)

      Compare the Past Simple and the Past Continuous

Past Perfect (I had eaten)

      When we talk about an event or situation in past time we use the Past Simple (e.g. flew); if we talk about an event before that time, we use the Past Perfect (e.g. had been). Here is example.

      1. If we talk about a series of past events in order, we use the Past Simple:

      A I saw a beautiful bird in my garden. B I went to get my camera. C The bird flew away. D I returned with my camera.

      2. We need the Past Perfect to make it clear that one of the events is not in order: D I returned with my camera. C The bird had already flown away. (The bird had gone before I returned.)

      Also, compare these sentences using when:

      Past Perfect: When I returned with my camera, the bird had flown away. (The bird went before I returned.)

      Past Simple: When I returned with my camera, the bird flew away.

      (The bird went after I retuned.)

      3. The Past Perfect is used in reported speech:

      ‘I have suffered from asthma for many years.’ She told the doctor that she had suffered from asthma for many years.

       Exercise 1

      Use the Past Simple and Past Continuous to make sentences from the words in brackets.

      0 (The police/arrive/while/I/have/breakfast)

      The police arrived while I was having breakfast.

      1. (The storm/start/while/they/drive/home)

      _______________________________________

      2. (I/see/an accident/while/I/wait/for the bus)

      _______________________________________

      3. (Mary/go/to several concerts/while/she/stay/ in London)

      _______________________________________

      4. (My father/cook/the dinner/when/he/burn/ his fingers)

      _______________________________________

      5. (The soldiers/prepare/to leave/when/the bomb/ explode)

      _______________________________________

       Exercise 2

      Complete these texts using the Past Simple or the Past Continuous of the verbs in brackets.

      0 Beethoven wrote nine symphonies; he was writing (write) another symphony when he died.

      1. Last Saturday Tom wanted to make two salads. He_____________(make) the first one in five minutes. He_______________(make) the second one when his guests_______________ (arrive), and they_______________ (help) him to finish it.

      2. The artist Gaudi _______________ (design) several houses in Barcelona, Spain. Later he _______________ (start) work on a church. He _______________ (work) on the church when he _______________ (die).

      3. Last month a bank robber (escape) while the police (take) him to prison. Later they (catch) him again, and this time they (lock) him up without any problem.

      4. Philip’s football team were lucky last Saturday. After 20 minutes they _______________ (lose), but in the end they_______________ (win) the game by 4 goals to 2.