Abunde, see Satis.
Ac, see Et.
Accendere; Incendere; Inflammare; Comburere; Cremare. Accendere, incendere, and inflammare, mean ‘to set on fire:’ accendere, from without, and at a single point, like ἀνάπτειν [hence to light a torch, etc.]; incendere, from within, like ἐνδαίειν [hence to set fire to houses, villages]; inflammare, ‘to set on fire,’ either from without or from within, but with bright flames, like ἀναφλογίζειν; comburere and cremare mean ‘to burn up, or consume by fire;’ comburere, with a glowing heat, as the causative of ardere, like κατακαίειν; cremare, with bright flames, as the causative of flagrare like πιμπράναι. Hence, mortui cremantur on a bright blazing funeral pile; vivi comburuntur, Cic. Fam. x. 32. Verr. i. 33 and 38, in order to make the torture of that mode of dying felt the more. (iv. 250.)
Acceptus, see Gratus.
Accersere, see Arcessere.
Accidere; Evenire; Contigere; Obvenire; Obtingere. Accidere and evenire denote both favorable and unfavorable occurrences; but the accidentia, unexpected ones, overtaking us by surprise; the evenientia were expected, foreseen; contingere, obvenire, obtingere, are generally confined to fortunate occurrences. The accidentia are fortuitous, the evenientia result from foregoing acts or circumstances; the contingentia are the favors of Fortune; the obtingentia and obvenientia are the things that fall to one’s lot. Cic. Fam. vi. 21. Timebam, ne evenirent, quæ acciderunt: the word evenirent has a subjective reference to his foresight, the word acciderunt is entirely objective; the point of view taken by it being that of those who now manifest surprise. See also Tac. H. iv. 19, and Sen. Ep. 119. Scies plura mala contingere nobis quam accidere. (v. 339.)
Accipere, see Sumere.
Accire, see Arcessere.
Accusare, see Arguere.
Acer; Vehemens. Acer (ὠκύς) denotes eagerness in a good sense, as fire and energy, in opp. to frigidus, like ὀξύς: but vehemens (ἐχόμενος) in a bad sense, as heat and passion, in opp. to lenis; Cic. Or. ii. 49, 53, like σφοδρός. (iv. 450.)
Acerbus; Amarus. Acerbus (from κάρφω) means a biting bitterness, in opp. to mitis, like ὀξύς; amarus, a nauseous bitterness, in opp. to dulcis, like πικρός. Quintil. xi. 3. 169. Cic. Rep. iii. 8. Plin. H. N. xxvii. 9. Sen. Ir. i. 4. (vi. 4.)
Acervus; Congeries; Strues; Cumulus. 1. Acervus and congeries mean ‘heaps’ of homogeneous things collected and piled up in layers; acervus [from ἀγείρω], like σωρός, with arrangement, and mostly in a conical shape, but congeries, negligently, and altogether without regard to shape; strues denotes that something new is produced, and a determinate form given, serving a particular purpose; like θημών. Curt. viii. 7. 11. Passim acervos struesque accendebant; meaning by acervos ‘heaps’ or ‘piles,’ by strues ‘stacks’ of wood. 2. Cumulus (from ἀκμή) means strictly, not the heap itself, but the top, by which the heap is completed as a whole, like the key-stone, by which any thing first reaches its proper and complete height, almost like κορυφή; and it has this meaning particularly in cumulare, which is like κορυφοῦν. Compare Liv. xxii. 59. Superstantes cumulis cæsorum corporum, with Cannenses campos acervi Romanorum corporum tegunt: and xxiii. 5. Molibus ex humanorum corporum strue faciendis. (ii. 118.)
Achivi; Achæi; Achaius; Achaicus; Troius; Troicus. 1. Achivi are the Homeric Greeks, or Ἀχαῖοι; Achæi are either the inhabitants of Achaia, or, in the poets, the Greeks at large, as contemporaries of the Romans. Cic. Divin. i. 16. Cum Achivi cœpissent inter se strepere. Compare this with Cæcil. 20. Quod cum sibi Achæi patronum adoptarant. 2. Achaius is the adj. of Achivus. Hor. Od. i. 15. 37. Virg. Æn. ii. 462; but Achaicus is the adj. of Achæus. Cic. Att. i. 13. 3. Troius is the more select term, as adj. of the old heroic and Homeric Troja; Troicus, the usual adj. of the country Troas, without reference to the Trojan war. (v. 306.)
Acies; Acumen; Cacumen; Mucro; Cuspis. 1. Acies is the sharpness of a line adapted for cutting; acumen, of a tip or point adapted for sticking. Figuratively, the acies mentis is shown in the keen sifting of what is confused, in clear perception; the acumen mentis is the fathoming of that which is deeply hidden, in subtle discovery. 2. Acumen and cacumen mean a natural head or top; acumen, of a cone, beak, and so forth; cacumen, particularly that of a mountain: mucro and cuspis mean an artificial head, for the purpose of piercing and wounding; mucro, that of a sword, dagger, and so forth; cuspis, that of a spear, arrow, etc., like αἰχμή. (vi. 5.)
Acies, see Pugna.
Acta, see Ripa.
Actor; Comœdus; Ludio; Histrio. The generic term actor, and the specific terms comœdus and tragœdus, denote the player, as a respectable artist; but ludio, ludius, the comedian, the player, who makes acting his trade, with the accessory notion of commonness; lastly, histrio, sometimes the actor, sometimes the comedian, but mostly with the accessory notion of buffoonery and boasting. Cic. Sext. 54. Ipse ille maxime ludius, non solum spectator, sed actor et acroama. Rosc. Com. 10. Nemo ex pessimo histrione bonum comœdum fieri posse existimaret. Ep. ad Qu. Fr. i. a. E. Hortor ut tanquam poetæ boni et actores industrii solent, in extrema parte diligentissimus sis. Suet. Aug. 74. (v. 334.)
Acumen, see Acies.
Adamare, see Amare.
Adesse; Interesse; Præsentem esse. 1. Adesse means to be near a person or thing; but interesse, to assist in a transaction, to take a part in it. Cic. Verr. i. 40. Crimina ea, quæ notiora sunt his qui adsunt, quam nobis.. De illo nihil dixit, in quo interfuit. 2. Adesse denotes generally the presence in a circle to which we belong; præsentem esse, absolute, audible and visible presence. When an expected guest is within our walls, adest; he who is in the same room with us, præsens est. (v. 337.)
Adhuc; Hactenus; Hucusque. Adhuc refers to time, up to this moment; hactenus and hucusque have a local reference, up to this place, or this point.
Adigere, see Cogere.
Adimere, see Demere.
Adipisci, see Invenire.
Adjuvare, see Auxilium.
Admirari, see Vereri.
Admodum, see Perquam.
Adolere, see Accendere.
Adolescens, see Puer.
Adorare, see Vereri.
Adscendere, see Scandere.
Adsolere, see Solere.