Хроники тираннозавра: Биология и эволюция самого известного хищника в мире. Дэвид Хоун. Читать онлайн. Newlib. NEWLIB.NET

Автор: Дэвид Хоун
Издательство: Альпина Диджитал
Серия:
Жанр произведения: Биология
Год издания: 2016
isbn: 978-5-9614-4794-1
Скачать книгу
предполагает специальные адаптации, которых не было у большинства динозавров. – Прим. науч. ред.

      6

      Обратите внимание, что это просто прозвище, данное для удобства и не связанное с реальным полом животного. – Прим. авт.

      7

      Это понятие более подробно раскрывается в следующей главе. – Прим. авт.

      Библиография

      1

      Osborn, H. F. 1905. Tyrannosaurus and other Cretaceous carnivorous dinosaurs. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 21: 259–265.

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