Структура пособия во многом ориентирована на учебные программы, которые обычно преподаются в школах бизнеса. В него включены материалы по управлению ценностью (стоимостью), корпоративному управлению, корпоративной культуре, социальной ответственности корпораций, сбалансированной системе показателей, Нью-Йоркской фондовой бирже, рынку облигаций, торговле производными финансовыми инструментами, инвестиционной стратегии, оценке российских компаний и т. п. Пособие содержит тексты о таких широко известных компаниях, как «Дженерал электрик», «Энрон», «Хьюлетт-Паккард», «Газпром», «Аэрофлот». Особый акцент сделан на материалах по экономике, инвестиционному климату, финансовому рынку России, проблемам российского бизнеса.
В учебных целях были подобраны тексты из самых разных источников: ведущих западных финансово-экономических журналов и газет (Business Week, Fortune, The Economist, Wall Street Journal, New York Times); представлены отчеты компаний, материалы инвестиционных банков и т. п. Это дает студентам возможность ознакомиться с разнообразными стилями изложения материала. При необходимости тексты были сокращены и адаптированы.
Пособие включает 40 уроков. Каждый урок содержит упражнения, позволяющие закрепить новые слова и лучше разобраться в теме занятия.
Англо-русский словарь в конце учебника представляет собой так называемый магистерский минимум – более тысячи терминов, которые следует знать профессионалам в сфере экономики и финансов.
Поскольку русский финансово-экономический язык находится в процессе формирования и разные источники зачастую дают разный перевод многих профессиональных терминов, автор ориентировалась на «Банковский и экономический словарь» Б.Г. Федорова, который, как представляется, дает наиболее верную трактовку важнейших понятий. В некоторых случаях автор исходила из собственных представлений о правильности перевода английской терминологии.
Учебное пособие поможет студентам школ бизнеса, языковых, экономических и финансовых вузов, а также специалистам из различных секторов экономики овладеть профессиональной лексикой делового английского языка.
Успехов!
Автор
Lesson 1
Motivation Theories
Read and translate the text and learn terms from the Essential Vocabulary.
Motivation Theories
Motivation is at the heart of your success. Because management is all about getting things done through others, the ability to get others to perform is critical. A crucial driver of organizational performance, motivation refers to the processes that determine how much effort will be expended to perform the job in order to meet organizational goals. A lack of motivation costs the company money – in terms of lost productivity and missed opportunities.
With downsizing and restructuring becoming commonplace in organizations, employee morale has become negatively impacted. This has made the motivation of the workforce even more important.
The old command-and-control methods of motivating are not suitable for today’s environment of empowerment and teams. Providing one-size-fits-all rewards does not work with diverse workforce.
No single theory captures the complexity of motivation in its entirety. You need to understand multiple theories, and then integrate them to get a more comprehensive understanding of how to better motivate your employees.
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
Abraham Maslow developed a theory in 1943 to analyze what drives human behavior. The Hierarchy of Needs Theory explained human behavior in terms of needs.
His theory’s underlying premise is that people must have their needs met in order to function effectively. These needs are ordered in a hierarchy.
Maslow suggested that human behavior is first motivated by basic physiological needs. That is, you need food, water and air. Providing your employees with a sufficient remuneration, bonuses and breaks during their workday enables them to meet some of these basic physiological needs. Health-care programs, medical insurance and paid sick leaves also assist your employees in meeting these needs.
Once these needs are fulfilled, people are motivated by safety needs. You can provide fulfillment of these needs for your employees by ensuring strict adherence to occupational safety rules and offering them some degree of job security.
Many of the benefits that companies offer, such as savings plans, stock purchase plans and profit sharing programs, also fulfill the safety needs of employees. Even outplacement services to assist employees who were made redundant can address the safety needs: these services ease the pain of the layoff.
As this need is fulfilled, people progress up the pyramid to be motivated by social needs or belongingness. These reflect the need for affiliation, socialization and the need to have friends. Your company’s social events provide opportunities for socialization. Corporate sponsorship of community events also provides an opportunity for employees to make friends while giving something back to the community.
As these needs are satiated, people are motivated by esteem needs. These needs involve gaining approval and status. You can help your employees fulfill these needs with recognition rewards such as plaques, trophies, and certificates.
And finally, the need for self-actualization – the need to reach your full potential – drives people’s behavior. In the words of the Armed Forces, this is «being all that you can be». Developing skills for your employees helps them to reach self-actualization. While the first four needs can be fulfilled, the need for self-actualization cannot be satiated. Once you move toward your potential, you raise the bar and strive for more.
McGregor’s Theory X and Theory Y
Douglas McGregor proposed that managers use one of two different assumptions concerning people. His theory is called the Theory X and Theory Y view of managers, which reflects these two different sets of assumptions.
The Theory X view is the negative set of assumptions. The Theory X manager believes that people are lazy and must be forced to work because it does not come naturally to them.
The Theory Y holds that people will look for responsibility and that work comes naturally to people. This is seen as the positive assumption about people.
Generally, Theory Y manager will have more motivated employees. Sometimes, the Theory X manager can achieve results when used in the appropriate situations. But today’s workforce, as a rule, seeks more challenging jobs and an opportunity to participate in the decision-making process. This is closer to the assumptions of the Theory Y manager.
McClelland’s Learned Needs Theory
David McClelland’s