Марсианский проект. Александр Загорков

ракеты «HW-1», изготовленная преимущественно из элементов подлинной конструкции, хранится в Немецком музее техники в Мюнхене.

      2

      Циолковский писал об этой идее в 1903 году. Американец Р. Годдард построил первый двигатель с регенеративным охлаждением в 1923 году. Первым советским ЖРД с таким охлаждением был двигатель OR-2, испытанный Ф. Цандером в марте 1933 года.

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