In the context of the transition to a market economy, it is impossible to ensure the operation of railway transport without the use of new technologies, which, as world experience shows, are the most important means for the formation of a competitive, sustainable production and economic model of the transport system.
The introduction of new effective technologies that provide «breakthrough» directions of informatization is hampered by the lack of adequate scientifically based models and methods for solving the problems of railway transport management in the current and future periods of the industry’s functioning.
It is possible to develop new information technologies using the SADT methodology for describing complex systems and industries.
The most important product of designing new information technologies is mathematical models that allow you to understand the structure of the future system, balance requirements and build an effective management system.
The construction of mathematical models occupies a leading place among the problems of creating new methods, their development and management.
The infiltration of new management methods into railway transport follows the path of mathematical modeling of the corresponding objects. If an adequate model of the management system is built, then its study will make it possible to identify the bottlenecks and imperfections of the existing system, develop alternative options for its development and evaluate their effectiveness in terms of achieving the goals of the system and solving its main tasks. Currently, there are a large number of works by authors devoted to the problem of constructing mathematical models for managing transport systems and production. In these works, modeling works in any local area are usually considered using specific methodological tools of mathematical modeling.
This is due to the fact that there is no urgent need to build, coordinate and update integrated management models, since the local ones coped with their tasks quite well. Local modeling, as a rule, is based on any one type of model, which makes it possible to standardize the language for describing models and methods for their analysis
However, local modeling methods are not productive enough to describe large-scale enterprise systems such as rail transport.
The expressive capabilities of any particular variety of models are limited, making it adequate only for a limited field of application. The poor scalability of the developed models does not allow to flexibly and adequately describe the variety of aspects of the activities of systems, both small and large-scale.
The study methodological basis is based on a systemological approach. The development of a comprehensive modeling methodology is based on an architectural concept, frame theory and a variety of complementary types of models and methods.
A systemological approach to the development of large-scale software areas should meet the following basic conceptual requirements:
• ensure the design and development of new information technologies in strict accordance with the requirements for the management system;
• to form an adequate system of models that are functionally interconnected and coordinated in strict accordance with the goals of management systems;
• allow continuous research and improvement of information technologies based on systems and models;
• ensure the transition to new information technologies based on digital models and computing systems.
Modern computer technologies should provide new methodological capabilities, be considered through specific information technologies and the tools that support them; use a set of methodological tools that automate the basic processes of designing system solutions; ensure the construction of a single constantly evolving knowledge base, which should contain all the information about the model system; have formalized rules for the transition from analysis to design and vice versa; be visual and easy to learn.
Systemological paradigms represent the most significant attributes for further research purposes, the fundamental essence of the «systemological approach» under consideration.
«There is no branch of mathematics, even the most abstract, that cannot ever be applied to the real world.»
N.I. Lobachevsky
2 TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT MODERN MODELS
2.1 Subject and tasks of decision-making in railway transport
Tendencies of globalization of the economy predetermine the ever-increasing attention of science to the issues of organization and management.
The rapid development of informatization of technological processes, the complication of technology, the expansion of the scale of activities, the introduction of automated and intelligent control systems in all areas of practice – all this leads to the need for a scientific analysis of complex purposeful processes in terms of their structure and organization. Science is required to provide guidance on the optimal (correct) management of such processes.
The needs of practice have brought to life special scientific methods, which are usually combined under the general name «Operations Research».
Operations research refers to the use of mathematical, quantitative methods to justify decisions in all areas of purposeful human activity. Operations research is a kind of mathematical «application» to the future, which saves effort, time and material resources.
The more complex and expensive the organized event is, the less permissible «strong-willed» decisions are in it and the more important are scientific methods that allow us to assess the consequences of each decision in advance, discard unacceptable options in advance and recommend the most successful ones, allowing us to establish whether the information we have is sufficient for the correct choice of solution, and, if not, what information needs to be additionally obtained and worked out.
It is not uncommon for experience and common sense to rely on experience and common sense when choosing a solution when it comes to an event carried out for the first time. «Experience» in this case is silent, and «common sense» can easily deceive if it does not rely on calculation. Such mathematical calculations, which make it easier for people to make reasonable decisions, are engaged in the science of «operations research».
This is a relatively young science. For the first time this name appeared during the Second World War, in the armed forces of the United States and England.
In the future, the study of operations expanded the scope of application to a variety of sectors of the economy: industry, transport, agriculture, trade, healthcare, consumer services, nature protection.
A distinctive feature of the tasks of operations research is the presence of some kind of activity that pursues a specific goal. Some conditions are set that characterize the environment of the event (in particular, the means that we can dispose of). Within the framework of these conditions, it is required to make such a decision so that the conceived event is, in a sense, the most profitable (or most unprofitable).
In accordance with these general features, general methods for solving such problems are developed, which together constitute the methodological basis and apparatus for the study of operations.
We will give definitions, terminology and basic principles of this science.
An operation is any event (or system of actions) united by a single plan and aimed at achieving a goal.
The operation is a managed event, i.e. it depends on it to choose in one way or another some parameters that characterize its organization. «Organization» here is understood in the broad sense of the word (including the set of technical means used in the operation).
Any decisive choice