101 101 Choi, H., Zakersalehi, A., Al‐Abed, S.R. et al. (2014). Nanostructured titanium oxide film‐ and membrane‐based photocatalysis for water treatment. In: Nanotechnology Applications for Clean Water: Solutions for Improving Water Quality, 2e (ed. A. Street, R. Sustich, J. Duncan and N. Savage), 123–132. William Andrew.
102 102 Kaushik, B.K. and Majumder, M.K. (2015). Carbon nanotube: properties and applications. SpringerBriefs in Applied Sciences and Technology 1: 17–38.
103 103 Morelli, J. (2011). Environmental sustainability: a definition for environmental professionals. Journal of Environmental Sustainability 1: 2.
104 104 Li, S., Feng, K., and Li, M. (2017). Identifying the main contributors of air pollution in Beijing. Journal of Cleaner Production 163: S359–S365.
105 105 Martins, F., Felgueiras, C., and Smitková, M. (2018). Fossil fuel energy consumption in European countries. Energy Procedia 153: 107–111.
106 106 Dos Santos, M.C., Kesler, O., and Reddy, A.L.M. (2012). Nanomaterials for energy conversion and storage. Journal of Nanomaterials 2012: 3127–3171.
107 107 Liu, F., Wang, W., Wang, L., and Yang, G. (2013). Working principles of solar and other energy conversion cells. Nano Energy 2: 3–10.
108 108 Sharma, S., Jain, K.K., and Sharma, A. (2015). Solar cells: in research and applications—a review. Materials Sciences and Applications 6: 1145–1155.
109 109 Serrano, E., Rus, G., and García‐Martínez, J. (2009). Nanotechnology for sustainable energy. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 13: 2373–2384.
110 110 Alturaif, H.A., ALOthman, Z.A., Shapter, J.G., and Wabaidur, S.M. (2014). Use of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) with polymers in solar cells. Molecules 19: 17329–17344.
111 111 Geng, Y., Liu, M.Y., Li, J. et al. (2008). Effects of surfactant treatment on mechanical and electrical properties of CNT/epoxy nanocomposites. Composites. Part A, Applied Science and Manufacturing 39: 1876–1883.
112 112 Arianpour, F., Farzaneh, M., and Kulinich, S.A. (2013). Hydrophobic and ice‐retarding properties of doped silicone rubber coatings. Applied Surface Science 265: 546–552.
113 113 Maksimović, M. and Forcan, M. (2020). The role of nanotechnology in revolutionizing energy sector. International Journal of Electrical, Electronics and Computer 3: 211204609.
114 114 Sunseri, C., Cocchiara, C., Ganci, F. et al. (2016). Nanostructured electrochemical devices for sensing, energy conversion and storage. Chemical Engineering Transactions 47: 43–48.
115 115 Arivalagan, K., Ravichandran, S., Rangasamy, K., and Karthikeyan, E. (2011). Nanomaterials and its potential applications. International Journal of ChemTech Research 3: 534–538.
116 116 Sudan, P., Züttel, A., Mauron, P. et al. (2003). Physisorption of hydrogen in single‐walled carbon nanotubes. Carbon N Y 41: 2377–2383.
117 117 Stoycheva, S., Marchese, D., Paul, C. et al. (2018). Multi‐criteria decision analysis framework for sustainable manufacturing in automotive industry. Journal of Cleaner Production 187: 257–272.
118 118 Felix, D.G. and Kumar, D.G.S. (2014). Nano particles in automobile tires. IOSR Journal of Mechanical and Civil Engineering 11: 7–11.
119 119 Bhogare, R. and Kothawale, B. (2013). A review on applications and challenges of nano‐fluids as coolant in automobile radiator. IJSRP Org. 3: 1–11.
120 120 Ekengwu, I.E., Utu, O.G., and Okafor, C.E. (2019). Nanotechnology in automotive industry: the potential of graphene. Iconic Research and Engineering Journals 3: 31–37.
121 121 Malani, A.S., Chaudhari, A.D., and Sambhe, R.U. (2015). A review on applications of nanotechnology in automotive industry. International Journal of Mechanical and Mechatronics Engineering 10: 36–40.
122 122 Perspectives, G.C. (2015). Economics O: Global Construction 2030| A Global Forecast for Construction Industry to 2030. Construction Market.
123 123 Shariati, S., Abedi, M., Saedi, A. et al. (2017). Critical factors of the application of nanotechnology in construction industry by using ANP technique under fuzzy intuitionistic environment. Journal of Civil Engineering and Management 23: 914–925.
124 124 Said, A.M., Zeidan, M.S., Bassuoni, M.T., and Tian, Y. (2012). Properties of concrete incorporating nano‐silica. Construction and Building Materials 36: 838–844.
125 125 Bigley, C. and Greenwood, P. (2003). Using silica to control bleed and segregation in self‐compacting concrete. Concrete 37: 43–45.
126 126 D'Alessandro, A., Materazzi, A.L., and Ubertini, F. (ed.) (2020). Nanotechnology in Cement‐Based Construction. Jenny Stanford Publishing.
127 127 Singh, A., Sangita, and Singh, A. (2015). Overview of nanotechnology in road engineering. Journal of Nano‐ and Electronic Physics 7: 02004‐1–02004‐6.
128 128 Krewski, D., Acosta, D., Andersen, M. et al. (2010). Toxicity testing in the 21st century: a vision and a strategy. Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health. Part B, Critical Reviews 13: 51–138.
129 129 Schrand, A.M., Dai, L., Schlager, J.J., and Hussain, S.M. (2012). Toxicity testing of nanomaterials. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology 745: 58–75.
130 130 Hristovski, K.D. and Markovski, J. (2018). Environmental, health, and safety risks associated with nanotechnology. Metallurgical and Materials Engineering 24: A158–A161.
2 The Road to Sustainable Nanotechnology: Challenges, Progress, and Opportunities
Sunita Chaudhary1, Nishith Patel1, and Jayvadan Patel2
1 Arihant School of Pharmacy and Bio-Research Institute, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India
2 Nootan Pharmacy College, Sankalchand Patel University, Visnagar, Gujarat, India
2.1 Introduction
Advances in nanotechnology are generating novel nanomaterials (NMs) with extraordinary characteristics that can enrich and enhance the applicability of NMs in various sectors. As new uses are being explored on a daily basis in various diversified areas such as medicine, agriculture, automotive, and energy, it poses numerous challenges to environmental sustainability [1]. Application of NMs are improving energy conservation and increasing efficiency, productivity and profits of industrial and health sectors with lower environmental impact [2]. Using NMs in current technology can improve economic and environmental aspects with various applications. Simultaneously, it is accepted that the use of NMs increases the various challenges in human safety and regulations in various countries [3].
In 2011, a group of researchers, students, and government staff from a multidisciplinary area came together to check the effect of science and engineering on developing a new path with sustainable future. This panel of scientists had done research on nanotechnology and correlated it to various aspects of sustainability such as society, environment, and economy [4]. The Sustainable Nanotechnology Organization (SNO) has come into existence with the aim to support the advances in sustainable nanotechnology. It also promotes the progression of scientific work in the field of nanotechnology for safety, environment, and health. However, every developing technology is required to be balanced between the benefits for human and its undesired effects on environment and life [5].
As advances in nanotechnology continue, the research is progressing on many issues regarding sustainability for next decades. Recent advances in nanotechnology report worldwide challenges in various applications such as purification of water, management of greenhouse effect, and manufacturing using green chemistry [6]. Because of the significant physicochemical properties of NMs, it gives us more effective solution for sustainable technologies. In comparison with bulk materials, NMs have effective larger surface area. The synthesis of NMs with incorporation