Poly(lactic acid). Группа авторов. Читать онлайн. Newlib. NEWLIB.NET

Автор: Группа авторов
Издательство: John Wiley & Sons Limited
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Жанр произведения: Химия
Год издания: 0
isbn: 9781119767466
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used for steam production. While a plant using sucrose has a net intake and net purge of water, future plants using crude, low‐cost, water‐rich substrates will need to pay more attention to the water balance and wastewater treatment.

      Although the fermentation industry can be considered traditional, new technologies may quickly find uses. The rapid commercial application of filtration techniques such as in membrane bioreactors in wastewater treatment and the fast introduction of nanofiltration for making process water from river water are examples. The discovery of ionic liquids with high distribution coefficients for lactic acid in dilute solutions may lead to breakthroughs [67]. New steam boiler concepts that can handle residues can drastically change DSP layout in energy‐efficient integrated biorefineries.

      1.2.6 Quality/Specifications of Lactic Acid

      The dehydration of lactic acid to make the prepolymer should start with an –OH to –COOH ratio of 1 : 1. All other components with –OH and –COOH functionality disrupt the stoichiometric balance and may be incorporated as comonomers during prepolymerization, which limits the final lactide production yield from lactic acid. Little public information is available on the technical and economic relationship between lactic acid quality and lactide synthesis. Only a few patents mention the effect of metal impurities on racemization [68, 69]. Stereochemical purity is one of the key parameters determining lactic acid purity.

      Lactic acid purified by crystallization may be taken as the benchmark in lactide manufacture, but the expected unfavorable economics of making crystalline acid in relation to mother liquor processing may prevent its commercial use for lactide/PLA. The next level of quality with the right commercial relevance is heat‐stable lactic acid. Heat stability puts constraints on the content of sugar, and thus on the DSP method used in the process. It is unlikely that suitable acid for making lactide will contain sugar because of the high temperatures involved (see the next section) and the well‐known practical decomposition problems when sugars are cracked. In practice, this means that color, or actually heated color (color after heating of the acid), is an important indicator for the suitability of the acid for lactide/PLA production [6, 70]. The appeal for lactic acid with little or no sugar and the DSP methods mentioned in practice lead to demands for separation methods that are similar for sugar and other heavy components such as proteins, amino acids, and polysaccharides.

      It is expected that the desired quality of lactic acid for making lactide/PLA will evolve, with overall process yields and economics as the criteria.

      1.3.1 Physical Properties of Lactide

      1.3.2 Production of Lactide

Unit D‐Lactide L‐Lactide [6] meso‐Lactide rac‐Lactide
CAS number 13076‐17‐0 4511‐42‐6 13076‐19‐2 116559‐43‐4
Molecular weight g/mol 144.12 144.12 144.12
Melting point °C 96–97 96 53 [64] 125 [6]
Boiling point °C 142 (20 mbar) [64]
Heat of fusion J/g 146 128 [64]; 118 [6] 185 [6]
Heat of vaporization kJ/mol 63
Solid density g/mL 1.32–1.38 1.32–1.38 [6]
Liquid viscosity mPa s 2.71 (110°C); 2.23 (120°C); 1.88 (130°C)
Schematic illustration of the lactide manufacture by thermal catalytic depolymerization of lactic acid oligomers.

      In the past two decades, several papers have appeared on lactide manufacture [73, 74].